DEFINITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
The concept of development is tied to positive change. it is
the process of change; the process of changing and becoming larger, stronger,
or more impressive, successful, or advanced, or of causing somebody or
something to change in this way ((Unegbu, Otagburuage & Ohia 2010 )
Development for some Gross National Product (GNP) is
the main parameter for the measurement of economic development. in order words,
development is defined as “a rapid and sustained rise in real output per head
and the attendant shifts in the technological, economic and demographic
characteristics of a society” Iffih in Easerlin (1968:395).
Development is fundamental. It has a foundation.
Rather than imported, it comes from the bowels of the earth and from the brains
of citizens to the outside world. It is permanent. Among the indices of
development are productive education (i.e. is creation of jobs and sustains a
nation); natural resources that are not left inert, but are mined, refined,
processed and exported for the progress of the nation, the utilization and
facilitation of creative talents in the country.etc. (Unaegbu, 2009).
Development is a process that creates growth progress
positive change or in other words, having the process of physical,
environmental, social demographic components, and improved economy.
National development
According to Unegbu, Otagburuagu & Ohia
in Nzimiro(1976:9) defines national development as the objective at
which a society aims in the improvement of the material, social, and the
cultural life of its people. Nzimiro in agreement with Okadigbo (1977) states,
that national development involves movement from poverty to relative richness,
from colonialism to political independence, from political independence to
economic independence; from tribalism to nationalism.
National development encompasses all spheres of
national life. it can be seen as the aggregate of development in the different
sectors of an economy translated in practical terms as positive changes that
make life better and worthwhile for the citizenry. National development implies
that all the human and material resources available in a society are not only
meaningfully and optimally developed but are also tacitly exploited by a
responsive and responsible leadership or entrepreneurship for the ultimate good
of the society.
Political
development
Political
development is basically a process that is concerned with the improvement of
institutions, attitudes and values that form the political system of a society
or nation. we
can also
state that political development is an increase in national political unity and
an increase in political participation.
Agents of socialization can be referred to as
agent of political development such that institutions, work together to influence
and shape people's political and economic norms and values. Such institutions
include families, media, peers, schools, religions, work and legal systems,
occupation, educational institution etc.
Many Marxists define
political development in advanced industrial societies in terms of the growth
of the class consciousness and political organization of the proletariat,
leading, ultimately, to the overthrow of capitalism and the approach of
communism. A more common (though ethnocentric) and currently very fashionable
view is progress towards liberal democracy, involving accountable government,
and opportunities for participation (also seen by some as an aspect of
modernization, rather than development), through the exercise of such freedoms
as association and expression.
More recently democratization and good
governance have been portrayed both as constitutive of political development
and as conditions for sustained economic development in developing areas and
post‐communist societies. The rule of law (and thus respect for property rights)
and the development of civil society are also included.
Economic
development
Economic
development refers to social and technological progress not merely an increase
in production but the way and manner goods and services are produced and which
consequently leads to increase or improvement in the standard of living of the
nation or society in question. Its scope includes the process and policies by
which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well being of its
people ( Igwe in O’Sullivan & Sheffrin,2003:47)
Economic
development is defined as an increase in a country's wealth and standard
of living. For example, improved productivity, higher literacy rates, and
better public education are all consequences of economic development in a
country. Economic Development is
programs, policies or activities that seek to improve the economic well-being
and quality of life for a community.
Social development
Entails
normative and organizational changes in the society resulting in:-
i. The improvement and expansion of the mental horizon of the
population arising from functional education and
ii. The sustenance of positive and highly functional values,
customs, and practices relating to all aspects of life and living.
Social development means the process by which the well-being
of any society and its people is ensured through collective action vis-à-vis
the changes taking place in the politics, economic and social life of the
people. it is a means of ensuring that the quality of life of the people reaches
an acceptable minimum standard. it is also the development of the
people by the people. more technically it may be defined as those formally
organized and socially sponsored institutions, agencies, programmes, exclusive
of the family and private enterprise, which function to maintain or improve the
economic conditions, health (physical, mental and spiritual), or interpersonal
competence of some part or all of a population (Wilensky & Lebeaux 2022)
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