HIV
What
is HIV?
HIV is a vi
There are many different strains of
HIV – someone who is infected may carry various different strains in their
body. These are classified into types, with lots of groups and subtypes. The
two main types are:
·
HIV-1: the most common type found worldwide
·
HIV-2: this is found mainly in Western Africa, with some
cases in India and Europe.
Basic facts about HIV
·
HIV stands for human
immunodeficiency virus.
If
left untreated, it can take around 10 to 15 years for AIDS to develop, which is
when HIV has severely damaged the immune system.
·
With early diagnosis and effective
antiretroviral treatment, people with HIV can live a normal, healthy life.
·
HIV is found in the following body
fluids of an infected person: semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids and breast
milk.
·
HIV cannot be transmitted through
sweat, saliva or urine.
·
According to UK statistics, the most
common way for someone to become infected with HIV is by having anal or vaginal sex without
a condom. But condom is not 100% sure. Sometimes
they may fail someone because it may be licking or has expired. For those that
is not ready for marriage should stay away from sex. If you must have sex I repeat “must” use condom at your own risk
otherwise why must you engage in sex where you don’t know the status of your partner.
Just try and hold yourself for the sake of your life. Remember a healthy life
is too sweet ooo!!! Why must you waste
your life for the sake of sex? Imagine an ordinary sex that may reduce your
quality of life as a young boy/girl. Why the rush? Just wait for the right time
because God’s time is the best.
·
You can also risk infection by
using infected needles, syringes or other drug-taking
equipment (blood transmission),
or from mother-to-child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.
What is AIDS?
AIDS is a syndrome caused by the HIV
virus. It is when a person’s immune system is too weak to fight off many
infections, and develops when the HIV infection is very advanced. This is the
last stage of HIV infection where the body can no longer defend itself and may
develop various diseases, infections and if left untreated, death.
There is currently no cure for HIV or AIDS. However, with the right treatment and support, people can
live long and healthy lives with HIV. To do this, it is especially important to
take treatment correctly and deal with any possible side-effects.
Basic facts about AIDS
·
AIDS stands for acquired immune
deficiency syndrome.
·
AIDS is also referred to as advanced
HIV infection or late-stage HIV.
·
Someone with AIDS may develop a wide
range of other health conditions including: pneumonia, thrush, fungal infections, TB,
toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus.
·
There is also an increased risk of
developing other life-limiting conditions, including cancer and brain
illnesses.
·
CD4 count refers to the number of
T-helper cells in a cubic millilitre of blood. When a person’s CD4 count drops
below 200 cells per millilitre of blood, they are said to have AIDS.
HOW HIV
INFECTS THE BODY AND THE LIFECYCLE OF HIV
Understanding how HIV infects the
body is important when it comes to prevention and treatment,
choosing to have safer sex and
general HIV awareness. Learn more about the science behind the virus and the
HIV life cycle.
The
immune system and HIV
The HIV virus attacks white blood
cells, which are called T-helper cells or CD4 cells. These are important when
it comes to having a healthy immune system as they help us fight off diseases
and infections.1
HIV cannot grow or reproduce on its
own. Instead, it makes new copies of itself inside T-helper cells which damages
the immune system and gradually weakens our natural defences. This process of
T-helper cells multiplying is called the HIV life cycle.
How quickly the virus develops
depends on how early you are diagnosed, your overall health and how well you
take your treatment. It’s important to know that antiretroviral treatment will
keep the immune system healthy if taken correctly and therefore prevent AIDS.2
The
HIV life cycle
The life cycle of HIV goes through
various different steps that can happen over many years. Antiretroviral
treatment works by interrupting the cycle and protecting your immune system.3 There are different drugs offered depending on the
particular stage of the HIV life cycle.
Understanding the HIV life cycle
helps scientists to know how to attack the virus when it is weak and reduce the
risk of drugs no longer working (drug resistance). This happens when drugs fail
to prevent the virus from multiplying.4
Stages
of the HIV life cycle
Binding
and fusion
First, the HIV virus attaches itself
to a T-helper cell. The spikes on the surface of the HIV particle stick to the
cell and allow them to join together. The contents of the HIV particle are then
released into the cell.
The type of drugs that can stop this
part of the process are called Fusion or Entry Inhibitors.
Reverse
transcription and integration
Once inside the cell, HIV changes
its genetic material (called HIV RNA) into HIV DNA using an enzyme called
reverse transcriptase. HIV DNA can then enter the DNA in the nucleus of the
T-helper cell and control it.
The type of drugs that can stop this
part of the process are called NRTIs, NNRTIs and Integrase Inhibitors.
Transcription
and translation
The HIV DNA then makes long strands
of messenger RNA proteins, and transports them towards the edge of the cell.
This is then used for producing more HIV.
Assembly,
budding and maturation
Copies of HIV genetic material are
contained among the strands of messenger RNA. These form new HIV particles,
which are then released from the T-helper cell. These are then ready to infect
other cells and begin the process all over again.
HIV TRANSMISSION &
PREVENTION
You can only get HIV if the bodily
fluids of someone who already has HIV get into your body. A person with HIV can
pass the virus to others whether they have symptoms or not.
There are a lot of myths around how
HIV is passed from one person to another (HIV transmission) but there are only
a few ways you can get it. There are also a number of things you can do to
reduce your chances of infection.
Find out here about the ways HIV can
be passed on and how to protect yourself from the virus.
There
are only a few ways you can get HIV. Find out how to protect yourself.
Unprotected
sex (not using a condom) puts you at risk of HIV and STIs.
Sharing
needles and syringes puts you at risk of HIV and other infections.
Mothers
living with HIV can take treatment to protect their baby from HIV.
Learn
how to be safe from HIV when working with sharp equipment and needles.
Blood
transfusions or organ donations must be tested for HIV so they are safe.
A
lot of people still believe you can get HIV from things like toilet seats and
insects.
Whatever
your worries and anxieties about HIV and AIDS, we’re here to help.
PrEP
is taken before potential exposure to HIV to prevent an infection.
HIV TESTING
Testing
for HIV is the only way to know for sure if you have HIV. Many people do not
have any symptoms and can live for many years without knowing they have the
virus.
Testing
for HIV is quick, easy, painless, confidential and almost always free. If you
test regularly for HIV, and after every time you put yourself at risk, you can
help keep yourself and your sexual partners healthy. It is always better to
know.
In this
section, we go through everything you need to know about HIV testing.
The reasons to test far outweigh the reasons not to. Find
out more about the benefits of testing for HIV.
You can test for HIV at any time. If you’ve put yourself at
risk, speak to your healthcare provider.
It’s normal to feel scared about testing but it's easier
than you think. Find out what’s involved.
There are lots of places where you can test for HIV. Find
out the best option for you.
You’ve tested for HIV, now what? We talk you through your
results and what they mean.
It's normal to feel worried about going for an HIV test.
Hear from others about their experiences.
LIVING WITH HIV
Living with HIV can be scary but you
don’t have to deal with it alone. Your doctor or healthcare worker and other
people living with HIV can support you through this difficult time.
Some people openly share their
diagnosis with family and friends while others prefer to tell just one or two
people they trust. Both are fine – it’s totally up to you.
The important thing to remember is
that taking treatment means you can live a long and healthy life like anyone
else. Alongside treatment, there are lots of things you can do to keep yourself
healthy and happy, and improve your overall wellbeing.
Being
told you have HIV can be shocking - this is completely natural. Find out what
support is available.
It's
your choice if/when to tell anyone about your diagnosis. Read advice about how
to tell people.
Taking
treatment keeps HIV levels low in your body. Learn more about treatment for adults
and children.
Alongside
treatment, there are other ways to stay healthy such as changing your diet or
exercising.
It
can be reassuring to read stories from people living with HIV to help you
realise that you’re not alone.
PUBERTY INFORMATION FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
As you start to become an adult,
your body goes through lots of changes and you’ll notice that your moods and
behaviour change too. From starting your periods to growing body hair, find out
what to expect when you go through puberty.
What
is puberty?
It’s when your body starts to
develop and change, showing that you are starting to become an adult. These
changes are very normal, and you may start to have sexual feelings and notice
your moods and emotions changing, too.
When
does puberty happen?
There is no set age for puberty so
try not to worry if your body changes earlier or later than your friends’. For
girls, puberty often happens between 10 and 16,1 and for boys between 10 and 18.2
Remember that changes will happen
over time. Everyone’s body is different so some people develop very quickly and
others more slowly.
Puberty
in girls – changes to the body
Sex
organs
One of the main physical changes of
puberty is the growth and development of the sex organs – used to have sex and
make babies.
During puberty your vagina changes
and starts to produce a clear or milky liquid called discharge. It may seem
strange at first but it’s a positive sign as it helps to keep your vagina
healthy.
Breasts
Your nipples and breasts will start
to fill out during puberty. However, breasts grow into a variety of shapes and
sizes, and many women’s breasts remain small.
"All my friends wear bras every
day but I don't know if I am ready to wear a bra yet. My mum says 'Your breasts
are developing', but they are really small! I only have two bras so far, and
when I wear them I feel like my breasts are fake because they are padded ones.
I hope soon that I will feel self-confident about who I am." - Elin
It’s normal for one breast to grow
faster than the other. Usually breasts become more even as they reach full
development, but most breasts will always be slightly uneven in shape and size.
Periods
One of the biggest changes for girls
is periods starting. Again, this happens at different times for different
people. While the average age for periods to start is 12,3 many
girls experience them earlier and lots don’t get them until later.
Periods show that your body can now
have a baby. Each month one of your ovaries releases an egg which can be fertilized
by a boys’ sperm to create a pregnancy. If the egg isn’t fertilised, the lining
of the womb breaks down, creating the blood that passes through your vagina
during your period.4
Other
changes for girls
·
Hair grows under your arms and
between your legs. Your leg hair may get thicker and darker and you may grow
hair on your upper lip.
·
Many girls start to get spots.
·
It’s normal to experience more body
sweat and many girls start to use deodorant.
·
Rapid growth spurts.
Puberty
in boys - changes to the body
Sex
organs
As a boy goes through puberty his
penis grows bigger and longer, and his testicles move lower down his scrotum.
Sometimes one testicle grows faster than the other, and it is natural for one
to hang lower than the other.
It’s usual to get more erections at
odd times, often when you aren’t thinking about sex. You might also have 'wet
dreams' - when you ejaculate in your sleep.
Other
changes for boys:
·
Pubic hair starts to grow at the
base of your penis and under armpits.
·
Growing facial hair.
·
Your voice starts to get deeper,
also known as ‘breaking’. For some boys this happens quickly and for others it
takes time.
·
It’s normal to experience more body
sweat and many boys start to use deodorant.
·
Many boys start to get spots.
·
Rapid growth spurts.
If
you don’t fit ‘girl’ or ‘boy’
Not everyone fits simply into the
category ‘girl’ or ‘boy’. There is help out there for those who think they may
be ‘transgender’ - where they have a girl’s body but feel like a boy, or the
other way around. If you have experienced this, you may find the information on
the Advocates for Youth site useful.
New
feelings and emotions
It’s perfectly normal to start
thinking about sex a lot more during puberty, and most people start to explore
and touch their bodies too. This is called masturbation. It may seem strange
when you start doing this, but masturbation is a very natural way to make you
feel good and is nothing to be ashamed of.
Some people find that they start
becoming attracted to people of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both during
puberty. Others may not be attracted to anyone. This is perfectly normal, and
you shouldn't feel worried about it. Some people discover their sexuality when
they are very young, during puberty or when they are much older – this is fine
too.5
It can be exciting to start
developing new emotions and feelings, but it may sometimes bring sad thoughts
and feelings too.
If you’re experiencing mood swings
or feeling aggressive or depressed it often helps to talk to someone you trust,
such as a friend or relative. If you feel you need more support it may also
help to contact a healthcare professional or a helpline.
Photo credit: ©iStock.com/Steve
Debenport. Photos are used for illustrative purposes. They do not imply any
health status or behaviour on the part of the people in the photo
AM I GAY, LESBIAN OR
BISEXUAL?
Sexual feelings and sexual
attraction can be complicated and confusing. If you're trying to work out
whether you're attracted to men or women or both, remember that you're not the
only one. Figuring this out is especially hard because so many people around us
assume that everyone is heterosexual (straight).
‘Sexuality’ refers to the way in
which you express yourself sexually. It includes how you feel about sex, the
people you are attracted to, the things you’d like to do, and your relationships.
The gender of the people you want to
have sex with is just one part of your sexuality. There are words which people
use to talk about this. In English, men who like men may call themselves ‘gay’,
women who like women may call themselves ‘lesbian’, and people who like both
men and women may say they are ‘bisexual’. Other words might be used in your
language or in your culture.
You don’t have to define your sexuality
Some people find that a word like
‘gay’ suits them – they feel it describes part of who they are.
But you don’t have to label
yourself. Many people find that things are more complicated and that their
sexuality can’t be defined by one of these words. Many people’s sexual feelings
change as time goes on.
"When I come out to people, I
don't like to brand myself a certain orientation. I want my freedom to learn,
to grow, and to experiment." - Shalini
Some people describe themselves as
“questioning”, meaning that they are still working it out. Sexuality is a very
personal thing. As you explore and discover your own sexuality, you’ll get to
know what feels right for you.
You may not be sure of your sexuality
Some people worry that they can’t be
sure about their sexuality if they’ve never done anything sexual with someone
else.
If this is the case for you, you
might be tempted to try things out with someone to ‘find out’ if you’re
attracted to people of that sex. While this could work out, if you rush into a
relationship that feels uncomfortable, or with a person you’re not really
attracted to, then you may have a bad experience that just confuses you even
more. Sex is going to be more satisfying with someone you really love.
Remember that if you are going to
have sex, this comes with risks such as sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) and HIV.
Take the time to read about how to prevent them, and have safer sex by
using condoms and lubricants that is if you must have it, remember the risk of condom
and also know that your life is in your hand.
Whatever happens the first time,
your sexual feelings will keep on changing and developing as time goes on. What
you like now may be very different to what you like in a few years’ time.
If you’ve decided that you definitely like other guys (or
girls)
If you know for sure that you have
sexual feelings for members of your own sex, you may be going through a whole
range of feelings. While the idea of sex itself might interest or excite you,
you may be worried or confused about it at the same time. You might also be
afraid of other people’s reactions.
Take the time to explore, discover
and enjoy your sexuality. It’s probably not a good idea to rush straight into
making major changes – whether that’s telling everyone you know, spending all
your time with new friends, or getting into a new relationship.
Telling other people and ‘coming out’
It can be a great relief to confide
in people you trust and who care about you. Their love, support and
understanding may be invaluable. Rather than telling everyone at once, it’s
better to start with one or two carefully chosen people. Then you’ll have a
better idea of whether you want to talk about this with other people and the
best way to do it.
"I told my mum which was really
hard, she was confused and had a time to begin with, we didn't talk until the
next day and my sisters where disgusted with her because we were such a close
family, but after she had thought about it she came to terms and we had a heart
to heart talk and now we’re closer than ever." Views of others
Just because you decide to ‘come
out’ about your sexuality to some people you know, this doesn’t mean that you
have to be open with everyone. It’s quite common for people to be ‘out’ in some
parts of their lives but not others.
On the other hand, many people
choose to be open with (almost) everyone they know, so that their sexuality is
hardly ever a secret. Not having to hide parts of your life from other people
can be liberating. Living in this way may also make it easier to meet other
people who have a similar lifestyle.
What if I get a negative reaction?
Not everyone who knows about your
sexuality will have a positive reaction. Some people are just uncomfortable
with anything that seems a little different. It may just take some time for
them to get used to the idea or to understand what your life is really like.
Unfortunately some people may be
hostile or unkind. If someone tries to intimidate or bully you, it’s very
important to get the help and advice from a support organisation, friends you
can trust, or someone in authority (such as a teacher, if you are at school).
Some helpful organisations and websites are of a good help or support.
Getting support
Hearing from and meeting other
people who have had similar experiences can be really helpful and there’s
probably a support or social group not far from where you live. There may also
be a telephone support line you can call.
"Discovering your true
orientation is not easy, but having the freedom to experiment is a gift. To
anyone I come out to, I'm willing to give them the time to adjust. Give them
the same freedom. I wouldn't trade these feelings for anything else in the
world. The excitement is actually not knowing – just learning is a big thrill
and through experimentation you can learn a lot about yourself." Statement
from concerned one.
I READY FOR SEX?
Whether you’re a virgin or you’ve
had sex before, it’s perfectly natural to ask yourself the question ‘should I
have sex?’ There are no set rules, but there are some things you can think about
to help you decide. But as a growing child and who has reached puberty the
question is in order. As you are thinking of sex try as well to think of the implication
of premarital sex. Sex is meant for married ones, engaging yourself into it is
stealing and endangering your future. The people who lose always are the girls,
as for those still in schools when they get an unwanted pregnancy had to pack
their loads and go home. No parents would like to see her child with unwanted
pregnancies. You are sent to school to learn and not to engage in sex. If you are forced to marry that is when your
problem in life begins.
How will I know when I’m ready for sex?
Once you get married and are ready
for procreation. Deciding when to have sex is a very personal thing. It needs
to feel right for you and for the person you’re with, so that you can make a
joint decision. This is known as sexual consent.
Remember that consent applies every
time you have sex. Even if you have consented to sex before – with a previous
partner or your current one - it doesn’t mean you automatically want to do it
again. Be aware of how your partner feels and let them know what you’re
thinking too.
Consent applies to any type of
sexual activity, not just intercourse. If you decide to be intimate in any way,
it’s completely fine to stop at any point, or not to do it again if you don’t
want to
What are the wrong reasons to have sex?
To please your partner
Is this your decision, or are you
thinking about having sex because of someone else? If any of these phrases
sound familiar then thinks carefully – they could be pressuring you:
·
“You would if you love me!”
·
“Everyone else is doing it!”
·
“It will make our relationship
stronger”
·
“You’ll have to do it sometime – why
not now, with me?”
·
“I'll be gentle, and it'll be really
great!”
You don’t want to look immature
Having an age gap in your relationship doesn’t
make sex right – in fact, if your partner is older than you they should be
mature enough to wait until you are ready. There is no set age or stage to
start having sex and losing your virginity at a young age doesn’t necessarily make
you mature.
You think you ‘should’
Your friends all seem to be having
sex and know lots about it – do you recognise any of these phrases?
·
“You mean you’ve never done it?!”
·
“I lost it when I was 12… ”
·
“Yeah, I’ve had sex loads of times”
·
“You’re a virgin, you wouldn’t
understand”
Your friends may be saying these
things because they want to sound more experienced than they really are. Be
brave and tell them that you’re happy to wait.
"I still haven’t had sex. I
have felt tremendous pressure to just have random sex to get it over with and
because my friends have lost their virginity but I wanted to wait to have sex
with someone I love and who loves me." Statement of young ones
You are going against your beliefs
We all have different attitudes to
sex. Some people think sexual intercourse should only happen within marriage,
others see sex and love as different things.
Your views on sex could be linked to
your faith or beliefs and that’s fine, as long as you’re clear about what you
believe in and your partner understands.
You may have a different attitude to
sex than your family or friends. Ultimately, the decision to have sex should be
an agreement between you and your partner, and while other people may help or
influence your decision, they shouldn’t make it for you.
How can I be prepared and protected?
If you know you’re ready, make sure
your first time (and every time after that) is safe. This means protecting
yourself and your partner against unwanted pregnancy and the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
including HIV.
The best way to do this is to abstain from sex (abstinence)
If you’re ready to have sex then you
should be able to talk about it first. It can be awkward to introduce condoms
in the heat of the moment, so ease the embarrassment by discussing protection
beforehand and decide who will bring the condom. Having it discreetly on the
side or under the pillow may help.
It’s also a great idea to get clued
up on the other contraception methods available. Just remember that they will
only protect you against unwanted pregnancy, so using a condom is still
important if you must engage in sex, to make sure you’re also protected against
STIs, including HIV. But don’t forget that condom is not the best, holding
yourself and waiting for the right time should be the best and the greatest
moment and sex could be enjoyed and fear also might have been disappeared. At this
juncture you might have known the status of your partner and feel free to have
sex. Always bear in mind that premarital sex is wrong.
What if it all goes wrong?
No one can predict how sex will turn
out, and many factors - such as your mood, the atmosphere and timing – can all
affect it, no matter how experienced you are. However, the more open you are
with your partner, the more likely you are to feel at ease.
It’s natural to feel a little
awkward the first time, but it’s more important to trust each other than to
know a lot about sex. Don’t worry if it doesn’t go perfectly, so long as you
and your partner are comfortable with each other you can practice together.
SEXUALLYTRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS (STI)
Sexually transmitted infections (or
STIs) are infections that can be caught or passed on when you have unprotected
sex, or close sexual contact, with another person who already has an STI.
Using a condom for all types of sex
is the best way to avoid STIs and HIV. Vaccines can prevent certain STIs like
genital warts and hepatitis B. Reducing the number of sexual partners you have
and not mixing alcohol, drugs and sex also means you’re less likely to get infected.
STIs should not be diagnosed
yourself by looking at pictures, because symptoms vary from person to person.
Only a healthcare professional can diagnose an STI.
Find out more here about different
STIs, their symptoms, testing and treatment options and how to protect yourself
from them.
Chlamydia
often has no symptoms so test regularly if you are sexually active.
Genital
herpes causes sores that are really infectious. Get treated quickly.
Genital
warts can be passed on by unprotected sex and skin-to-skin contact.
Gonorrhoea
is very similar to chlamydia, but less common and causes unusual discharge.
Hepatitis
B is very infectious and can seriously affect your liver. It has flu-like
symptoms.
Hepatitis
C is also passed on through sharing dirty needles. Symptoms are not obvious.
Without
treatment, syphilis can lead to serious health issues. Always use a condom.
Trichomoniasis
is caused by tiny parasites that can infect the vagina or urethra.
What
is HIV?
HIV is a virus that gradually
attacks the immune system, which is our body’s natural defense against illness.
If a person becomes infected with HIV, they will find it harder to fight off
infections and diseases. The virus destroys a type of white blood cell called a
T-helper cell and makes copies of it inside them. T-helper cells are also referred
to as CD4 cells.
There are many different strains of
HIV – someone who is infected may carry various different strains in their
body. These are classified into types, with lots of groups and subtypes. The
two main types are:
·
HIV-1: the most common type found worldwide
·
HIV-2: this is found mainly in Western Africa, with some
cases in India and Europe.
Basic facts about HIV
·
HIV stands for human
immunodeficiency virus.
If
left untreated, it can take around 10 to 15 years for AIDS to develop, which is
when HIV has severely damaged the immune system.
·
With early diagnosis and effective
antiretroviral treatment, people with HIV can live a normal, healthy life.
·
HIV is found in the following body
fluids of an infected person: semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids and breast
milk.
·
HIV cannot be transmitted through
sweat, saliva or urine.
·
According to UK statistics, the most
common way for someone to become infected with HIV is by having anal or vaginal sex without
a condom. But condom is not 100% sure. Sometimes
they may fail someone because it may be licking or has expired. For those that
is not ready for marriage should stay away from sex. If you must have sex I repeat “must” use condom at your own risk
otherwise why must you engage in sex where you don’t know the status of your partner.
Just try and hold yourself for the sake of your life. Remember a healthy life
is too sweet ooo!!! Why must you waste
your life for the sake of sex? Imagine an ordinary sex that may reduce your
quality of life as a young boy/girl. Why the rush? Just wait for the right time
because God’s time is the best.
·
You can also risk infection by
using infected needles, syringes or other drug-taking
equipment (blood transmission),
or from mother-to-child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.
What is AIDS?
AIDS is a syndrome caused by the HIV
virus. It is when a person’s immune system is too weak to fight off many
infections, and develops when the HIV infection is very advanced. This is the
last stage of HIV infection where the body can no longer defend itself and may
develop various diseases, infections and if left untreated, death.
There is currently no cure for HIV or AIDS. However, with the right treatment and support, people can
live long and healthy lives with HIV. To do this, it is especially important to
take treatment correctly and deal with any possible side-effects.
Basic facts about AIDS
·
AIDS stands for acquired immune
deficiency syndrome.
·
AIDS is also referred to as advanced
HIV infection or late-stage HIV.
·
Someone with AIDS may develop a wide
range of other health conditions including: pneumonia, thrush, fungal infections, TB,
toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus.
·
There is also an increased risk of
developing other life-limiting conditions, including cancer and brain
illnesses.
·
CD4 count refers to the number of
T-helper cells in a cubic millilitre of blood. When a person’s CD4 count drops
below 200 cells per millilitre of blood, they are said to have AIDS.
HOW HIV
INFECTS THE BODY AND THE LIFECYCLE OF HIV
Understanding how HIV infects the
body is important when it comes to prevention and treatment,
choosing to have safer sex and
general HIV awareness. Learn more about the science behind the virus and the
HIV life cycle.
The
immune system and HIV
The HIV virus attacks white blood
cells, which are called T-helper cells or CD4 cells. These are important when
it comes to having a healthy immune system as they help us fight off diseases
and infections.1
HIV cannot grow or reproduce on its
own. Instead, it makes new copies of itself inside T-helper cells which damages
the immune system and gradually weakens our natural defences. This process of
T-helper cells multiplying is called the HIV life cycle.
How quickly the virus develops
depends on how early you are diagnosed, your overall health and how well you
take your treatment. It’s important to know that antiretroviral treatment will
keep the immune system healthy if taken correctly and therefore prevent AIDS.2
The
HIV life cycle
The life cycle of HIV goes through
various different steps that can happen over many years. Antiretroviral
treatment works by interrupting the cycle and protecting your immune system.3 There are different drugs offered depending on the
particular stage of the HIV life cycle.
Understanding the HIV life cycle
helps scientists to know how to attack the virus when it is weak and reduce the
risk of drugs no longer working (drug resistance). This happens when drugs fail
to prevent the virus from multiplying.4
Stages
of the HIV life cycle
Binding
and fusion
First, the HIV virus attaches itself
to a T-helper cell. The spikes on the surface of the HIV particle stick to the
cell and allow them to join together. The contents of the HIV particle are then
released into the cell.
The type of drugs that can stop this
part of the process are called Fusion or Entry Inhibitors.
Reverse
transcription and integration
Once inside the cell, HIV changes
its genetic material (called HIV RNA) into HIV DNA using an enzyme called
reverse transcriptase. HIV DNA can then enter the DNA in the nucleus of the
T-helper cell and control it.
The type of drugs that can stop this
part of the process are called NRTIs, NNRTIs and Integrase Inhibitors.
Transcription
and translation
The HIV DNA then makes long strands
of messenger RNA proteins, and transports them towards the edge of the cell.
This is then used for producing more HIV.
Assembly,
budding and maturation
Copies of HIV genetic material are
contained among the strands of messenger RNA. These form new HIV particles,
which are then released from the T-helper cell. These are then ready to infect
other cells and begin the process all over again.
HIV TRANSMISSION &
PREVENTION
You can only get HIV if the bodily
fluids of someone who already has HIV get into your body. A person with HIV can
pass the virus to others whether they have symptoms or not.
There are a lot of myths around how
HIV is passed from one person to another (HIV transmission) but there are only
a few ways you can get it. There are also a number of things you can do to
reduce your chances of infection.
Find out here about the ways HIV can
be passed on and how to protect yourself from the virus.
There
are only a few ways you can get HIV. Find out how to protect yourself.
Unprotected
sex (not using a condom) puts you at risk of HIV and STIs.
Sharing
needles and syringes puts you at risk of HIV and other infections.
Mothers
living with HIV can take treatment to protect their baby from HIV.
Learn
how to be safe from HIV when working with sharp equipment and needles.
Blood
transfusions or organ donations must be tested for HIV so they are safe.
A
lot of people still believe you can get HIV from things like toilet seats and
insects.
Whatever
your worries and anxieties about HIV and AIDS, we’re here to help.
PrEP
is taken before potential exposure to HIV to prevent an infection.
HIV TESTING
Testing
for HIV is the only way to know for sure if you have HIV. Many people do not
have any symptoms and can live for many years without knowing they have the
virus.
Testing
for HIV is quick, easy, painless, confidential and almost always free. If you
test regularly for HIV, and after every time you put yourself at risk, you can
help keep yourself and your sexual partners healthy. It is always better to
know.
In this
section, we go through everything you need to know about HIV testing.
The reasons to test far outweigh the reasons not to. Find
out more about the benefits of testing for HIV.
You can test for HIV at any time. If you’ve put yourself at
risk, speak to your healthcare provider.
It’s normal to feel scared about testing but it's easier
than you think. Find out what’s involved.
There are lots of places where you can test for HIV. Find
out the best option for you.
You’ve tested for HIV, now what? We talk you through your
results and what they mean.
It's normal to feel worried about going for an HIV test.
Hear from others about their experiences.
LIVING WITH HIV
Living with HIV can be scary but you
don’t have to deal with it alone. Your doctor or healthcare worker and other
people living with HIV can support you through this difficult time.
Some people openly share their
diagnosis with family and friends while others prefer to tell just one or two
people they trust. Both are fine – it’s totally up to you.
The important thing to remember is
that taking treatment means you can live a long and healthy life like anyone
else. Alongside treatment, there are lots of things you can do to keep yourself
healthy and happy, and improve your overall wellbeing.
Being
told you have HIV can be shocking - this is completely natural. Find out what
support is available.
It's
your choice if/when to tell anyone about your diagnosis. Read advice about how
to tell people.
Taking
treatment keeps HIV levels low in your body. Learn more about treatment for adults
and children.
Alongside
treatment, there are other ways to stay healthy such as changing your diet or
exercising.
It
can be reassuring to read stories from people living with HIV to help you
realise that you’re not alone.
PUBERTY INFORMATION FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
As you start to become an adult,
your body goes through lots of changes and you’ll notice that your moods and
behaviour change too. From starting your periods to growing body hair, find out
what to expect when you go through puberty.
What
is puberty?
It’s when your body starts to
develop and change, showing that you are starting to become an adult. These
changes are very normal, and you may start to have sexual feelings and notice
your moods and emotions changing, too.
When
does puberty happen?
There is no set age for puberty so
try not to worry if your body changes earlier or later than your friends’. For
girls, puberty often happens between 10 and 16,1 and for boys between 10 and 18.2
Remember that changes will happen
over time. Everyone’s body is different so some people develop very quickly and
others more slowly.
Puberty
in girls – changes to the body
Sex
organs
One of the main physical changes of
puberty is the growth and development of the sex organs – used to have sex and
make babies.
During puberty your vagina changes
and starts to produce a clear or milky liquid called discharge. It may seem
strange at first but it’s a positive sign as it helps to keep your vagina
healthy.
Breasts
Your nipples and breasts will start
to fill out during puberty. However, breasts grow into a variety of shapes and
sizes, and many women’s breasts remain small.
"All my friends wear bras every
day but I don't know if I am ready to wear a bra yet. My mum says 'Your breasts
are developing', but they are really small! I only have two bras so far, and
when I wear them I feel like my breasts are fake because they are padded ones.
I hope soon that I will feel self-confident about who I am." - Elin
It’s normal for one breast to grow
faster than the other. Usually breasts become more even as they reach full
development, but most breasts will always be slightly uneven in shape and size.
Periods
One of the biggest changes for girls
is periods starting. Again, this happens at different times for different
people. While the average age for periods to start is 12,3 many
girls experience them earlier and lots don’t get them until later.
Periods show that your body can now
have a baby. Each month one of your ovaries releases an egg which can be fertilized
by a boys’ sperm to create a pregnancy. If the egg isn’t fertilised, the lining
of the womb breaks down, creating the blood that passes through your vagina
during your period.4
Other
changes for girls
·
Hair grows under your arms and
between your legs. Your leg hair may get thicker and darker and you may grow
hair on your upper lip.
·
Many girls start to get spots.
·
It’s normal to experience more body
sweat and many girls start to use deodorant.
·
Rapid growth spurts.
Puberty
in boys - changes to the body
Sex
organs
As a boy goes through puberty his
penis grows bigger and longer, and his testicles move lower down his scrotum.
Sometimes one testicle grows faster than the other, and it is natural for one
to hang lower than the other.
It’s usual to get more erections at
odd times, often when you aren’t thinking about sex. You might also have 'wet
dreams' - when you ejaculate in your sleep.
Other
changes for boys:
·
Pubic hair starts to grow at the
base of your penis and under armpits.
·
Growing facial hair.
·
Your voice starts to get deeper,
also known as ‘breaking’. For some boys this happens quickly and for others it
takes time.
·
It’s normal to experience more body
sweat and many boys start to use deodorant.
·
Many boys start to get spots.
·
Rapid growth spurts.
If
you don’t fit ‘girl’ or ‘boy’
Not everyone fits simply into the
category ‘girl’ or ‘boy’. There is help out there for those who think they may
be ‘transgender’ - where they have a girl’s body but feel like a boy, or the
other way around. If you have experienced this, you may find the information on
the Advocates for Youth site useful.
New
feelings and emotions
It’s perfectly normal to start
thinking about sex a lot more during puberty, and most people start to explore
and touch their bodies too. This is called masturbation. It may seem strange
when you start doing this, but masturbation is a very natural way to make you
feel good and is nothing to be ashamed of.
Some people find that they start
becoming attracted to people of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both during
puberty. Others may not be attracted to anyone. This is perfectly normal, and
you shouldn't feel worried about it. Some people discover their sexuality when
they are very young, during puberty or when they are much older – this is fine
too.5
It can be exciting to start
developing new emotions and feelings, but it may sometimes bring sad thoughts
and feelings too.
If you’re experiencing mood swings
or feeling aggressive or depressed it often helps to talk to someone you trust,
such as a friend or relative. If you feel you need more support it may also
help to contact a healthcare professional or a helpline.
Photo credit: ©iStock.com/Steve
Debenport. Photos are used for illustrative purposes. They do not imply any
health status or behaviour on the part of the people in the photo
AM I GAY, LESBIAN OR
BISEXUAL?
Sexual feelings and sexual
attraction can be complicated and confusing. If you're trying to work out
whether you're attracted to men or women or both, remember that you're not the
only one. Figuring this out is especially hard because so many people around us
assume that everyone is heterosexual (straight).
‘Sexuality’ refers to the way in
which you express yourself sexually. It includes how you feel about sex, the
people you are attracted to, the things you’d like to do, and your relationships.
The gender of the people you want to
have sex with is just one part of your sexuality. There are words which people
use to talk about this. In English, men who like men may call themselves ‘gay’,
women who like women may call themselves ‘lesbian’, and people who like both
men and women may say they are ‘bisexual’. Other words might be used in your
language or in your culture.
You don’t have to define your sexuality
Some people find that a word like
‘gay’ suits them – they feel it describes part of who they are.
But you don’t have to label
yourself. Many people find that things are more complicated and that their
sexuality can’t be defined by one of these words. Many people’s sexual feelings
change as time goes on.
"When I come out to people, I
don't like to brand myself a certain orientation. I want my freedom to learn,
to grow, and to experiment." - Shalini
Some people describe themselves as
“questioning”, meaning that they are still working it out. Sexuality is a very
personal thing. As you explore and discover your own sexuality, you’ll get to
know what feels right for you.
You may not be sure of your sexuality
Some people worry that they can’t be
sure about their sexuality if they’ve never done anything sexual with someone
else.
If this is the case for you, you
might be tempted to try things out with someone to ‘find out’ if you’re
attracted to people of that sex. While this could work out, if you rush into a
relationship that feels uncomfortable, or with a person you’re not really
attracted to, then you may have a bad experience that just confuses you even
more. Sex is going to be more satisfying with someone you really love.
Remember that if you are going to
have sex, this comes with risks such as sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) and HIV.
Take the time to read about how to prevent them, and have safer sex by
using condoms and lubricants that is if you must have it, remember the risk of condom
and also know that your life is in your hand.
Whatever happens the first time,
your sexual feelings will keep on changing and developing as time goes on. What
you like now may be very different to what you like in a few years’ time.
If you’ve decided that you definitely like other guys (or
girls)
If you know for sure that you have
sexual feelings for members of your own sex, you may be going through a whole
range of feelings. While the idea of sex itself might interest or excite you,
you may be worried or confused about it at the same time. You might also be
afraid of other people’s reactions.
Take the time to explore, discover
and enjoy your sexuality. It’s probably not a good idea to rush straight into
making major changes – whether that’s telling everyone you know, spending all
your time with new friends, or getting into a new relationship.
Telling other people and ‘coming out’
It can be a great relief to confide
in people you trust and who care about you. Their love, support and
understanding may be invaluable. Rather than telling everyone at once, it’s
better to start with one or two carefully chosen people. Then you’ll have a
better idea of whether you want to talk about this with other people and the
best way to do it.
"I told my mum which was really
hard, she was confused and had a time to begin with, we didn't talk until the
next day and my sisters where disgusted with her because we were such a close
family, but after she had thought about it she came to terms and we had a heart
to heart talk and now we’re closer than ever." Views of others
Just because you decide to ‘come
out’ about your sexuality to some people you know, this doesn’t mean that you
have to be open with everyone. It’s quite common for people to be ‘out’ in some
parts of their lives but not others.
On the other hand, many people
choose to be open with (almost) everyone they know, so that their sexuality is
hardly ever a secret. Not having to hide parts of your life from other people
can be liberating. Living in this way may also make it easier to meet other
people who have a similar lifestyle.
What if I get a negative reaction?
Not everyone who knows about your
sexuality will have a positive reaction. Some people are just uncomfortable
with anything that seems a little different. It may just take some time for
them to get used to the idea or to understand what your life is really like.
Unfortunately some people may be
hostile or unkind. If someone tries to intimidate or bully you, it’s very
important to get the help and advice from a support organisation, friends you
can trust, or someone in authority (such as a teacher, if you are at school).
Some helpful organisations and websites are of a good help or support.
Getting support
Hearing from and meeting other
people who have had similar experiences can be really helpful and there’s
probably a support or social group not far from where you live. There may also
be a telephone support line you can call.
"Discovering your true
orientation is not easy, but having the freedom to experiment is a gift. To
anyone I come out to, I'm willing to give them the time to adjust. Give them
the same freedom. I wouldn't trade these feelings for anything else in the
world. The excitement is actually not knowing – just learning is a big thrill
and through experimentation you can learn a lot about yourself." Statement
from concerned one.
I READY FOR SEX?
Whether you’re a virgin or you’ve
had sex before, it’s perfectly natural to ask yourself the question ‘should I
have sex?’ There are no set rules, but there are some things you can think about
to help you decide. But as a growing child and who has reached puberty the
question is in order. As you are thinking of sex try as well to think of the implication
of premarital sex. Sex is meant for married ones, engaging yourself into it is
stealing and endangering your future. The people who lose always are the girls,
as for those still in schools when they get an unwanted pregnancy had to pack
their loads and go home. No parents would like to see her child with unwanted
pregnancies. You are sent to school to learn and not to engage in sex. If you are forced to marry that is when your
problem in life begins.
How will I know when I’m ready for sex?
Once you get married and are ready
for procreation. Deciding when to have sex is a very personal thing. It needs
to feel right for you and for the person you’re with, so that you can make a
joint decision. This is known as sexual consent.
Remember that consent applies every
time you have sex. Even if you have consented to sex before – with a previous
partner or your current one - it doesn’t mean you automatically want to do it
again. Be aware of how your partner feels and let them know what you’re
thinking too.
Consent applies to any type of
sexual activity, not just intercourse. If you decide to be intimate in any way,
it’s completely fine to stop at any point, or not to do it again if you don’t
want to
What are the wrong reasons to have sex?
To please your partner
Is this your decision, or are you
thinking about having sex because of someone else? If any of these phrases
sound familiar then thinks carefully – they could be pressuring you:
·
“You would if you love me!”
·
“Everyone else is doing it!”
·
“It will make our relationship
stronger”
·
“You’ll have to do it sometime – why
not now, with me?”
·
“I'll be gentle, and it'll be really
great!”
You don’t want to look immature
Having an age gap in your relationship doesn’t
make sex right – in fact, if your partner is older than you they should be
mature enough to wait until you are ready. There is no set age or stage to
start having sex and losing your virginity at a young age doesn’t necessarily make
you mature.
You think you ‘should’
Your friends all seem to be having
sex and know lots about it – do you recognise any of these phrases?
·
“You mean you’ve never done it?!”
·
“I lost it when I was 12… ”
·
“Yeah, I’ve had sex loads of times”
·
“You’re a virgin, you wouldn’t
understand”
Your friends may be saying these
things because they want to sound more experienced than they really are. Be
brave and tell them that you’re happy to wait.
"I still haven’t had sex. I
have felt tremendous pressure to just have random sex to get it over with and
because my friends have lost their virginity but I wanted to wait to have sex
with someone I love and who loves me." Statement of young ones
You are going against your beliefs
We all have different attitudes to
sex. Some people think sexual intercourse should only happen within marriage,
others see sex and love as different things.
Your views on sex could be linked to
your faith or beliefs and that’s fine, as long as you’re clear about what you
believe in and your partner understands.
You may have a different attitude to
sex than your family or friends. Ultimately, the decision to have sex should be
an agreement between you and your partner, and while other people may help or
influence your decision, they shouldn’t make it for you.
How can I be prepared and protected?
If you know you’re ready, make sure
your first time (and every time after that) is safe. This means protecting
yourself and your partner against unwanted pregnancy and the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
including HIV.
The best way to do this is to abstain from sex (abstinence)
If you’re ready to have sex then you
should be able to talk about it first. It can be awkward to introduce condoms
in the heat of the moment, so ease the embarrassment by discussing protection
beforehand and decide who will bring the condom. Having it discreetly on the
side or under the pillow may help.
It’s also a great idea to get clued
up on the other contraception methods available. Just remember that they will
only protect you against unwanted pregnancy, so using a condom is still
important if you must engage in sex, to make sure you’re also protected against
STIs, including HIV. But don’t forget that condom is not the best, holding
yourself and waiting for the right time should be the best and the greatest
moment and sex could be enjoyed and fear also might have been disappeared. At this
juncture you might have known the status of your partner and feel free to have
sex. Always bear in mind that premarital sex is wrong.
What if it all goes wrong?
No one can predict how sex will turn
out, and many factors - such as your mood, the atmosphere and timing – can all
affect it, no matter how experienced you are. However, the more open you are
with your partner, the more likely you are to feel at ease.
It’s natural to feel a little
awkward the first time, but it’s more important to trust each other than to
know a lot about sex. Don’t worry if it doesn’t go perfectly, so long as you
and your partner are comfortable with each other you can practice together.
SEXUALLYTRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS (STI)
Sexually transmitted infections (or
STIs) are infections that can be caught or passed on when you have unprotected
sex, or close sexual contact, with another person who already has an STI.
Using a condom for all types of sex
is the best way to avoid STIs and HIV. Vaccines can prevent certain STIs like
genital warts and hepatitis B. Reducing the number of sexual partners you have
and not mixing alchol, drug and sex also means you’re less likely to get infected.
STIs should not be diagnosed
yourself by looking at pictures, because symptoms vary from person to person.
Only a healthcare professional can diagnose an STI.
Find out more here about different
STIs, their symptoms, testing and treatment options and how to protect yourself
from them.
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