Further Studies on SSE 202 Lesson Note

 

The Ethnic Setting in the Nigeria Area Before 1800

In the description of the ethnic setting in the Nigeria area before 1800, it is important to state that the concept “Nigeria” is omitted because there was no Nigeria until 1914. What existed was communities scattered all over the area now called Nigeria. These communities operated their own laws and rules that govern the conduct of people in such communities.

In the Nigeria area, these communities were not on the same level of development and vary in their orientation. For example, in the South-Eastern parts, the communities were clan-based or village-based, that is, Igbo land. Other areas similar to the Igbo were the Okun communities, Tiv and Ibira. These communities were highly decentralized administratively. In other words, they didn’t have a single ruler or overall ruler administering the community. They practiced what is called gerontocracy-government by elders.

Prof. Afigbo in his book “Warrant Chiefs” explained very well, in particular, as it has affected the Igbo land where the government of most of the towns was administered by the Council of Elders. This is similar in the open land. This is also explained in Prof. Apata’s book particularly of the “Groundwork of Niger-Benue area”.

Besides this, there are also some communities in the Nigeria area that also operated this system like Hausa and Yoruba state. For example, before 1800, some Yoruba communities operated a highly centralized political system like in Oyo, Benin, Ife and also in the Northern area, especially in the Hausa area like Kogi, Kebbi and so on. Some of these Hausa states were headed by Sarakin. The Sarakin or Oba were the overall rulers administering the people and initiated their own rules which ensured a peaceful relationship on the land.

Whether centralized states in the North or West or decentralized states in the East and Middle-belt, it is observed through studies that most of these communities governed themselves in the best possible way they knew at that time.

Furthermore, it will be essential to talk about two main lines of argument concerning the relationship among the people of Nigeria before the colonial period, in order to make a solid essay. One is the Theory of Fundamental Diversity (or theory of strange bedfellows) while the other is the Common Bond Theory, also known as the Theory of Unity in Diversity.

According to the first theory, the people of Nigeria before 1800 had little or nothing in common. They spoke different languages, had cultural differences and had no common ideological orientation; they were not united by common religion as they worshipped many gods. In effect, when they were brought together by the British at the dawn of the 20th century, they found themselves as “strange bed-fellows”.

Moreover, the theory goes on to stress that even during the colonial period, the people were not brought closely by the colonial administration based on the principle of Indirect Rule, which emphasized local peculiarities and autonomy, and which tended to hamper the opportunities for inter-group relations and the evolution of national consciousness. Hence, when Nigeria became independent, there was, as there still is, the difficulty of forging a nation of people so different in backgrounds. Thus, every problem in the processes of nation building has been seen in terms of this theory of “strange bed-fellows”.

The second line of argument negates, to a large extent, what the first theory propounded. This theory stresses that before the colonial period, common bonds existed among the Nigerian people. It states that the differences in language and culture, though apparent, were in the real sense not so ingrained. For, when well considered, most Nigerian languages originated from a common parentage.

Also, it is argued that the cultural differences, even today, are not as wide as is often emphasized. In other words, this theory emphasizes that the Nigerian people from the earliest times possible had had links among themselves. The nature of the evidence at our disposal is more in support of the latter theory than the former. It is true, as the first theory states, that the people of Nigeria speak different languages and that they have different cultural backgrounds, but we do know they had common bonds as the second theory has stated which can mitigate the defects of the first one.

In the first place, the geographical factor shows that the Nigeria area whose major zones complement one another in terms of human needs. The major geographical zones are mangrove swamps, forest, semi-savannah and grassland or savannah. None of the people living in any of these zones had been able to live by themselves alone or in isolation of others. For example, it is well known that the dwellers of the mangrove area in the earliest times produced basically fish and salt ‘But as man cannot live on fish and salt alone’, the mangrove dwellers required tuberous products like yam, cocoyam and others from the forest area to balance their diet in their daily meals.

For these products they exchanged their fish and salt which the people in the forest zone also badly needed to supplement their diet. Similarly, the forest dwellers needed the grains and cattle of the savannah region in exchange for their kola-nuts, palm oil and such other products of the forest zone needed by the inhabitants of the savannah region.The contact here therefore was fostered by economic and dietary necessity.

Moreover, in the era before the introduction of the modern means of transportation, the material needs of the people were satisfied by the reciprocal movement of goods and human beings. Fortunately, the nature of the country in terms of configuration and vegetation was, as it still is, such that could afford relatively easy passage. The forest zone also had footpaths, and even the mangrove area provided waterways within and outside each zone. In addition, the river system based on the Niger and Benue and their tributaries enabled the people to move to many parts outside their dwelling places.

Importantly, the most obvious contact among various ethnic groups before 1800 was forged through trade. The movement of people in order to trade in one commodity or the other cut across zones- whether geographical or cultural. The activities of the traders led to the establishment of well-known trade routes particularly those along the Rivers Niger and Benue and their tributaries from north to south. There were also overland routes which formed part of the Trans-Saharan Trade routes which linked North Africa with West Africa.

Apart from the above, there were links forged through political contacts before 1800 among ethnic groups in the Nigeria area. Diplomatic relations existed among contiguous states, but in addition, some of the states and empires during this period forged contact through expansion. Through this process of expansion, people belonging to a particular group were able to extend their influence over those outside their cultural group. Such links were forged by the Empire of Kanem-Borno, Kingdom of Jukun, and the Hausa States, all in the northern section, and the kingdom of Benin and Old Oyo in the south.

Moreover, even in areas which had no reputation for large political organization, contacts, and therefore cultural influences, were forged through what could be called neo-economic and political organization. An example that comes to mind is the oracle system in Igboland. Nri and Aro-Chukwu, for instance, provided powerful ritual centres where people from far and wide converged.

Nevertheless, there were inter-group relations forged by language. Linguists have classified the various African languages into groups according to how closely related they are to each other or to one another. It is believed that most of these languages come from a common parentage, that is, proto language. It should be noted that most West African languages belong to what linguists call the Niger-Congo phylum.

The Kwa sub-group, to which many Nigerian languages belong, has a list of more than sixty language units including Igbo, Yoruba, Edo, Nupe, Ijo, Igala, Efik, and so on. Even among the Kwa languages, some are more closely related to one another than to other members of the group. For example Igala language is more closely related to Oyo – Yoruba. A close observation of these languages would show the rationale behind the theories of the linguists. For example:

 Omi – In Igala means water

Omi – In Itsekiri means water

Omi – Is a Yoruba word for water

Mi – is Igbo word for water (common with Enugu people and Nsukka Zone precisely)

Ise –  Edo word for Amen

Ise –  Igbo word meaning Amen

Ise –  Urhobo word meaning Amen

Ase – Yoruba word for Amen

Oko – This means husband in Yoruba

Oko – It also means husband in Igala

Ododo – Urhobo word for flower

Ododo – Yoruba word for flower

Ododo – Igbo word for flower

Odolo – Igala word for flower

Lo – Igala word, meaning go

Lo – Yoruba word, meaning go

Oba – This refers to king in Yoruba land

Oba – This also refers to king among the Edo

Ujenwu – Igala word for food

Ounje – Yoruba word for food etc.

It is estimated that the Igala and Yoruba share ninety per cent of their vocabularies in common. They share a substantial number of vocabulary items because they belong, together with Itsekiri, to the Defoid group. The knowledge that majority of people speak languages which belong to the same language family no doubt demonstrates that the people of Nigeria not only have historical and cultural links through ages; they may in fact not to be as far apart as existing ethnic or dialectic differences may tend to suggest.

Furthermore, the study of loan words among language groups has also helped to deepen our knowledge of culture change and contact among ethnic groups in the Nigeria area before 1800. For example, there are several Kanuri loan words in the Hausa language. Similarly, many Arabic words which the Hausa people borrowed through their contact with the Arabs are today found in the Yoruba language, for example, alaafia, wakati, wahala, anfaani, alubosa among others.

In addition, the traditions of origin of the people in the Nigeria area and their dynasties indicate that there was a great deal of interaction amongst the various groups, leading to the forging of inter-ethnic and cultural unity. In some of such traditions, there are accounts given of contact between and among peoples who today belong to different cultural groups but who would still regard themselves as offspring of the same ancestors, e.g. in the Bayajidda legend, we have seven original Hausa states and seven subordinate states among which are included the Nupe, Jukun and Ilorin-Yoruba. Other traditions are the Nri tradition in Igboland and Oduduwa/Oranmiyan dynastic connection between Ife and Benin.

Again, evidences of inter-group relationship are seen in the works of Arts. Archaeological investigations have shown similarities between the works of art found in one area and those found in another. Studies by archaeologists and art historians of the artefacts from Nok, Daima, Ife, Benin and Igbo-Ukwu have revealed striking similarities in production technique and design. These are strong indicators of contacts and influences among the various ethnic groups in the Nigeria area before 1800.

However, it is not true as often portrayed by the Europeans that before the arrival of the British, the various communities or ethnic groups on the ground were often involved in inter-tribal wars. These communities or states not only maintained good orderliness, that is, there were heavy inter-group relations among these ethnic groups such as inter-marriages.

This is not to say that before 1800 there was no war or conflict. To say there was no war or conflict is to prevaricate history. At this point in time, Oyo which was a dominant empire, had collapsed. The fall of the Oyo Empire created a series of wars that lasted 100 years. Even in Igbo land and middle-belt, ethnic conflict was fairly rampant but the good news is that these communities, by and large resolve conflict.

Wars occasionally featured in the interactions between groups. In most cases, however, wars were fought only when diplomacy or other avenues for conflict resolution had failed to resolve certain inter-group differences. It is therefore important to stress that wars should not be seen as a dominant feature of inter-group relations, or else it would be difficult to explain the high level of cultural attainments by most Nigerian peoples.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that within the prolonged span of relationships between groups, the periods of conflict occupied only a small portion. In a nutshell, in spite of occasional conflicts, the people of the area that later became known as Nigeria worked hard to maintain peaceful relations.