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A major
component part of Yoruba cultural system is the traditional institution
of Ọbaship, Baalẹ (head of community under Ọba). Every Yoruba town,
village, community has Ọba or (Baa’lẹ) as the case may be, selected from
royal lineage or home, when the stool becomes vacant either by death or
through removal which is seldom. The selection of the new Ọba is done by
the king makers in consultation with Ifa, the king-chosen method for
aeons. In Ọyọ, this role is performed by Ọyọ-Mesi the seven-man Electoral
College headed by Baṣọrun. In Ijẹbu land and Ẹgba-Alake, the selection
council is known as Oṣugbo. Other Yoruba towns have similar bodies with
different names, but with the same function.
In Ọyọ,
Alaafin (as the Ọba) is the overall head of Ọyọ town and the (Empire in
its glorious days). Any sitting Alaafin is a descendant of Ọranmiyan, the
first king in Ọyọ. Alaafin by his position, birth, and influence has
unlimited power over every subject in his kingdom, they are seen as
second to God, whose authority and power cannot be challenged in theory,
but in practice, he could.
Ọba earns
and commands respect, adulation, and tributes from his subjects provided
he is good. In the past, even now whenever a reigning Ọba deviates from
the community norms and thus becomes despotic and tyrannical Ọyọ-Mesi
whose membership is hereditary like the Ọba, has a special role to play
by checking the excesses of such Ọba, should the Ọba fail to listen and
make necessary changes as demanded by the custom and tradition, a deposition
step will be taken.
Ọba will
be presented with calabash or parrot’s egg indicating community’s
rejection, there after the Ọba must abdicate the throne by committing
suicide.
Although,
appointments and disposition of obas and traditional chiefs have taken a
new dimension with the involvement of government in modern times, yet
Yoruba communities through the king-makers, opinion leaders, age-groups,
youth associations and other interest groups still have a say in what
happens to a despotic king.
This seven-man traditional council,
with Baṣọrun as its head, has:
Agbaakin, Ṣamu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku,
Ashipa
Oyo Mesi represents the voice of the empire and protects the interest of
the nation. Through checks and balances, the council serves as a watch on
the king from becoming despotic and tyrannical. The oba must consult with
Oyo-Mesi on every administrative, judicial and constitutional matter
relating to the town and the empire. Each member of the council has state
duty and play significant role in the royal court. They were, till today
expected to be present in person at the royal court, absence must be with
permission from Alaafin, more important, is the first day of Yoruba week
for Sango worship; the chiefs will be present and partake in the sacrificial
feast with Alaafin.
Basorun or
Oosorun was the prime-minster, he dubbed as the chancellor and the
defense minister. In the glorious days of the empire, he was very
powerful, he had great influence on Alaafin and policy thrust of the
kingdom. As the permanent chairman of Oyo-Mesi, he had greater control on
every deliberation. Although, decisions were by ballot, still the respect
he commanded, plus the powers he wielded always dictated the direction of
things in times past.
Alapini
oversees the Egungun cult; he is directly in charge of famous Jenju. As
the head of Egungun, he performs other religious, ceremonial activities
assigned to him by Alaafin. He serves as go-between the priests in Oyo.
Lagunna is
the court ambassador or emissary in critical times. He represents Alaafin
within and outside Ode-Oyo.
Asipa
which is called “Ojuwa” serves as Oyo-Mesi’s representative. He
represents the council (where all members cannot be present), receives on
behalf of the council whatever is their dues and entitlements.
Ogboni
Cult: Apart from Oyo Mesi, there is council of
Ogboni, headed by Oluwo- a powerful secret society, which was responsible
for both the judicial and religious matters of the erstwhile empire.
Because of the secretive nature of the council, it was feared and
revered. The Ogboni, “is a secret and ritually united corporation of
political and religious leaders and special priest” says, Morton-Williams
(1960: p.364). Although, no one can say with certainty its origin, some
claimed that it started at Ile-Ife by the aborigines and from Ife, it
spread to other parts of Yoruba land. The name Ogboni is derived from two
Yoruba words “gbo” (aged) and “eni” (a person)- that’s (eni-ogbo, or
eni-agba) elderly or senior citizen. This body of
high-status-senior-citizen worshipped the “earth spirit” and its main
function was judicial “settling of disputes in which “blood has been shed
on the earth” says, Morton-William (1960; 366).
Ogboni
cult conducts its affairs in secrecy, in the times past, the cult had
unlimited power to impose fines on criminals and to sanction any erring
member that “reveal its secrets and procedures to others.” Ogboni members
meet at Iledi, Edan (a pair of anthropomorphic staff in brass) plays a
major role in Ogboni’s religious, judicial and ceremonial activities.
Membership is mostly through dedication of wards by member-group. Ogboni
cult, like other Yoruba socio-political and cultural institutions, had
undergone significant changes, says, Morton-William “the Ogboni have
always been a very tolerant society which, rather than clinging to
exclusivity, tended to accept its ranks and most faiths as long as the
members conformed with Ogboni’s ways.”
Ọyọ and
other Yoruba towns still have Ogboni cults, their judicial function of
maintaining law and order is now exercised by various arms of modern
governments,
notwithstanding, Ogboni cults still have roles they play in
day-to-day administration of every Yoruba town, community and village. Yoruba
political arrangements in towns, villages and communities are similar,
every town is divided into street/ward (Adugbo in Ọyọ; Itun in Ijebu;
Idimi in Ondo), each ward is made up of several compounds (Agbo’le).
Agbo’le in Yoruba is made up of families related paternally, family
members build houses proximately (close-by/near-by) and family is headed
by the most senior male known as (Olori-Ẹbi or Mọgaji). The group of
compounds constitutes street/ward, which is headed by ward head or chief
(Oloye Adugbo), who in turn with other ward heads constitutes
Council-of-Chiefs, under the control and chairmanship of Ọba.
There are
other title holders in Yoruba towns either hereditary or honorary, who by
tradition are assigned specific duties in day-to-day administration of a
community, according to (Fadipe, 1970,p.245) the Osugbo of Ijebu and Ẹgba,
“assumed successfully administrative, legislative and judicial roles where
it discharges all business of the society, without the king being
necessarily in attendance.” Although, the council reports to the king,
who may accept all decisions made, reject or amend as may be required.
In the
ancient times, Ọba was the head of all traditional councils which met
regularly at the palace to deliberate on matters affecting the community.
Issues like security, diplomacy, boundary adjustment between villages,
preparation for yearly festivals, payment and remittance of taxes,
settlement of disputes, filling of vacant stools, were always on the
agenda.
Committees
with terms of reference (at times Ad hoc) were always constituted to look
into matters with a view to finding solution. Reports were to be made to
the enlarged council with Ọba in attendance, where final decisions were
made. Ọba ruled by proxy in the conquered towns, he appointed viceroys
(Ajẹlẹ) either from his town or from among the conquered subjects to
oversee the daily affairs of subdued communities, to settle minor
disputes, and to collect taxes, which must be remitted to the palace as
specified. Major administrative decisions were taken by Ọba and changes
in government made from time-to-time to prevent treachery and disloyalty
to the palace.
Conclusion
The
colonial systems in Nigeria witnessed a lot of alterations at the advent
the British colonial masters. Several traditional rulers tried to protect
and preserve the political organization of their Kingdoms or empires but
later gave up after much pressure and threat from the colonial masters. Colonialism
had a great impact (thou exploitation was involved) on every pre-colonial
systems in Nigeria even till date.
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ReplyDeleteNAME: NNADI PERPETUA OGOCHUKWU
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONS/SOS
REG . NO: 17109621
COURSE CODE: SOS 111
COURSE TITLE: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES
LEVEL: 100
DATE: 18/1/2018.
ASSIGNMENT
This book deals with foundation issues in social studies education which also taught about the concept of integration in relation to social studies concept was examined since social studies is an integration of contents. It taught the aim and objective of social studies which are developed to reflect the spirit of the Nigeria philosophy of education. social studies is not just to prepare the child for society only, but also to make him an enjoyable adult-life.
Social studies does not engage in the building of theories rather it ulitizes those one build by social scientist. Social studies was originated in west germany after the second world war as a means of developing a new political order. Social studies was tools for the reassertion of African identify which has been damage by cong period of colonial rule. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS0 was a disease cause by the infection of the virus called (HIV). HIV/AIDS was transmitted from one person to: another through sexual intercourse blood contact. Family welfare is the creation of awareness of the need to promote a healthy whole some living within the society. The philopshy behind the introduction of family life education in social studies is the protection of family for the purpose of transmitting, improving and preserving cultural heritage of both the family and the wider society.
The concept of family refers to different level of social organization in different cultures. Population education is the creation of awareness on issues relating to population. Population problem can be solved through family planning, discourage early marriage, sex and mass education. Drug is any chemical substance other than food which when taken it can alter the psychological state of an individual. Smoking of tobacco can cause difficiculty in breathing and generates offensive mouth odour.
NAME: ABAH PROMISE NGOZI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: CRS/SOS
PHONE NO: 09021499177
COURSE CODE: SOS 111
COURSE TITLE: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES
• It talks philosophical background, scope and definition of social studies.
• It examines aims and objectives of social studies in commensurate with the national goals and objectives of social studies.
• It also deals with aims and objectives of social studies in accordance with national policy on education.
• It examines the relationship between social studies and other social science subject or discipline can be conveniently arranged into three areas namely.
a) Natural or physical science
b) Humanities
c) Social sciences.
• It explains the contributions of natural sciences to social studies, the concept of integration, the idea of integration in social studies therefore means that various concepts contents, generalization and other material contents of many other discipline used, have been fused to become a recognizable and systematically developing body of knowledge.
It deals with the historical development of social studies, development of the discipline in west Germany, Britain, Canada United State of America (USA) and in Africa precisely in 1960s.
• It discusses the development of social studies in Nigeria and some parastatals and agencies that helped in the development of social studies in Nigeria which include united state Agency for international development (USAIDN (NERDC) (CESAC) (SOSAN).
• it deals with the concept of AIDS which is caused by a viral infection (HIV), Aids education is a package of enlistment given to populace through the school instruction mass or any other media aimed at keeping them away of the existence of the scourge.
• It explains the philosophy behind the introduction of Aid education in Nigeria which examines the major signs and symptoms of it as less of weight, server cough rashes sexual intercourse, blood transfusion
• It deals with family life education. Family life education is the creation of awareness of the need to promote a healthy, wholesome life within the society.
• The meaning of family and family formation are discussed, also types of family, function of family which include reproductive function, sexual regulation, socialization, economic function, protective function, affection function, status function and family structure in Nigeria.
• It deals with population education which refers to the identifiable number o of people living in an area.
• Population education is the creating of awareness on issues relating to population. population , population growth and the need for population policy.
• It deals with drug education, according to the world health organization (who) drug is a substance which when introduce into the living organism can modify or after the equilibrium of the organism or one of it’s function.
• The meaning of drug abuse, classification of drugs which include: Narcotics, stimulants, depressant, hallucinogen, inhalants, the effect of drug and social consequence of drug abuse, measures, and aim at controlling drug abuse.
NAME: UGWUOKE JULIETH UKAMAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: CRS/SOS
PHONE NO: 09066128863
COURSE CODE: SOS 111
COURSE TITLE: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES
LEVEL: 100
DATE: 18/1/2018.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter tells about what the textbook are deals with, it explain the content of the book, the chapter also tells us about the definitions and scope of social studies, the philosophical, psychology and sociological rationale for the introduction or inclusion of the discipline in primary secondary and tertiary institutions of learning, also the aim and objectives of social studies in Nigeria were also considered.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF SOCIAL STUDIES
This chapter deals with aim and objectives of social studies, which aims at integrating the diverse ethnic groups in the country, effective use of the natural resource, human resource with which Nigeria is blessed and fostering national unity and citizenship education .
SOCIAL STUDIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
This chapter discuses how human knowledge can be arranged, according to Obiolo (1979) he said that human knowledge can be arranged into three major areas which include.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES
This chapter deals with the history of social studies starting from West Germany of after the second world war and in Britain, as it dates back as 1827 when Dr Thomas Arnold, the Head Master of Rugby School thought of it as a means of creating a new curriculum which would be more related to the needs of the pupils.
AIDS EDUCATION: PHILOSOPHY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE.
The chapter discusses about AIDS, AIDS Education, philosophy behind the introduction of AIDS Education in Nigeria, the author explain the meaning of AIDS which means Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS is a disease caused by the infection of the virus called Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION
This chapter deals with family life education which according to the author means the creation of awareness of the need to promote a healthy, wholesome living within the society. It also intended to promote unity within the family circles and inculcation of the tenets of family planning as part of family culture with the philosophy behind the introduction of family life education in social studies which is the protection of family for the purpose of transmitting , improving and preserving cultural heritage of both the family and the society at large, this chapter also deals with the objectives of family life education it discusses the meaning of family and family formation, types of family, and functions of family which includes, etc
POPULATION EDUCATION
This chapter deals with the population education , According to the author population means an identifiable number of particular phenomena that exist in a given location or geographical area. (Ezema, 1996)10s) He says that phenomena can be human plant animals, or even micro organisms.
DRUG EDUCATION
This chapter deals with drug education, according to the author the world health organization (WHO) defined drug as a substance which when introduced into the living organism can modify or affect the equilibrium of the organism or one of its functions, He quoted onyiaji (2004) a drug can be defined as any chemical substance other than food which, when taken, can after the psychological state of an individual, this chapter discuses drug abuse, classification of as narcotics, stimulants, depressants hallucinogens. Inhalants, it also deeds with the effects of drug abuse, it also deals with social consequence of drug abuse measures, aimed at controlling drug abuse.
ReplyDeleteName: Aboka Chiamaka Juliet
Dept:pol sc/econs
reg no: 16108269
level: 200
What is the UK Constitution?
Constitutions organise, distribute and regulate state power. They set out the structure of the state, the major state institutions, and the principles governing their relations with each other and with the state’s citizens. Britain is unusual in that it has an ‘unwritten’ constitution: unlike the great majority of countries there is no single legal document which sets out in one place the fundamental laws outlining how the state works. Britain’s lack of a ‘written’ constitution can be explained by its history. In other countries, many of whom have experienced revolution or regime change, it has been necessary to start from scratch or begin from first principles, constructing new state institutions and defining in detail their relations with each other and their citizens. By contrast, the British Constitution has evolved over a long period of time, reflecting the relative stability of the British polity. It has never been thought necessary to consolidate the basic building blocks of this order in Britain. What Britain has instead is an accumulation of various statutes, conventions, judicial decisions and treaties which collectively can be referred to as the British Constitution. It is thus more accurate to refer to Britain’s constitution as an ‘uncodified’ constitution, rather than an ‘unwritten’ one.
It has been suggested that the British Constitution can be summed up in eight words: What the Queen in Parliament enacts is law. This means that Parliament, using the power of the Crown, enacts law which no other body can challenge. Parliamentary sovereignty is commonly regarded as the defining principle of the British Constitution. This is the ultimate lawmaking power vested in a democratically elected Parliament to create or abolish any law. Other core principles of the British Constitution are often thought to include the rule of law, the separation of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and the existence of a unitary state, meaning ultimate power is held by ‘the centre’ – the sovereign Westminster Parliament. However, some of these principles are mythical (the British constitution may be better understood as involving the fusion of executive and legislature) or in doubt (Parliamentary sovereignty may now be called in question given the combined impact of Europe, devolution, the Courts, and human rights).
The British Constitution is derived from a number of sources. Statutes are laws passed by Parliament and are generally the highest form of law. Conventions are unwritten practices which have developed over time and regulate the business of governing. Common law is law developed by the courts and judges through cases. The UK’s accession to the European Communities Act 1972 has meant that European law is increasingly impacting on the British Constitution. The UK is also subject to international law. Finally, because the British Constitution cannot be found in any single document, politicians and lawyers have relied on constitutional authorities to locate and understand the constitution.
An uncodified constitution creates two problems. First, it makes it difficult to know what the state of the constitution actually is. Second, it suggests that it is easier to make changes to the UK Constitution than in countries with written constitutions, because the latter have documents with a ‘higher law’ status against which ordinary statute law and government action can be tested, and are only amendable via elaborate procedures. The flexibility of the UK constitution is evident from the large number of constitutional reforms since 1997, including the abolition of the majority of hereditary peers in the House of Lords, the introduction of codified rights of individuals for the the first time in the Human Rights Act 1998, and devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Arguably, however, these recent constitutional reforms may have made the constitution less flexible
NAME: EZEMA JENNIFER. N.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ENG/SOS
REG . NO: 14206417
COURSE CODE: SOS 111
COURSE TITLE: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES
CARRY OVER
ASSIGNMENT
This book deals with foundation issues in social studies education which also taught about the concept of integration in relation to social studies concept was examined since social studies is an integration of contents. It taught the aim and objective of social studies which are developed to reflect the spirit of the Nigeria philosophy of education. social studies is not just to prepare the child for society only, but also to make him an enjoyable adult-life.
Social studies does not engage in the building of theories rather it ulitizes those one build by social scientist. Social studies was originated in west germany after the second world war as a means of developing a new political order. Social studies was tools for the reassertion of African identify which has been damage by cong period of colonial rule. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS0 was a disease cause by the infection of the virus called (HIV). HIV/AIDS was transmitted from one person to: another through sexual intercourse blood contact. Family welfare is the creation of awareness of the need to promote a healthy whole some living within the society. The philopshy behind the introduction of family life education in social studies is the protection of family for the purpose of transmitting, improving and preserving cultural heritage of both the family and the wider society.
The concept of family refers to different level of social organization in different cultures. Population education is the creation of awareness on issues relating to population. Population problem can be solved through family planning, discourage early marriage, sex and mass education. Drug is any chemical substance other than food which when taken it can alter the psychological state of an individual. Smoking of tobacco can cause difficiculty in breathing and generates offensive mouth odour.
NAME EZE LAURETTA NZUBE
ReplyDeleteDEPT: ENG/SOS
COURSE CODE: SOS 111
COURSE TITLE: FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL STUDIES
REG. No: 16208423
DATE: 29/11/2017
1. In this book foundation of social studies it deals social studies deals with the study of a man in his social and physical environment.
2. I also learnt that social studies helps some one to be co-operative in the society.
3. Social studies also help to build up the citizen, society and as well as full meaning the country.
4. In this book, foundation of asocial studies the objective is very clear that is at the senior classes, it should strengthen these socializing and ammonizing responsibilities as well as helping the children to develop certain basic concepts, understanding and values of living in society.
5. In this book, according to Obilo (1979) human knowledge can be conveniently arranged in to three major areas namely:
6. In foundation of social studies based on AIDs, the meaning of AIDs is acquire, immune, deficiency, syndrome
7. AIDS Education can be described as a package of enlightenment given to the populace through school instruction, mass or any other media aimed at keeping them aware of the existence of the scourge.
8. In this book, foundation of social studies it can be seen that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through, sexual intercourse, blood contact, injection drug use.
9. How to prevent Aids, in the foundation of social studies is using of condom.
10. Based on family life education is the creation whole some living within the society.
11. In foundation of social studies that is based on family life education, the objective include to promote occupation among family members to indentify problems affecting the family and attempt to solve them.
12. What is family? In the foundation of social studies family is seen related with blood, ties and even adoption.
13. Social studies helps us to rub mind together and as well as understanding ourselves.
14. In foundation of social studies, population means a group of people living in the same geographical area
15. This foundation of social studies, is create a great awareness bringing out some certain instances that gives us moral lessons and other negative behaviours