1
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17109423
|
Abah Joy Kasiemobi
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ECONS/POL SCIENCE
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2
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17109710
|
Afamefuna Favour
Chisom
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
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3
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17109469
|
Agatha Ogezi Enute
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
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4
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17101069
|
Amadi Queen Chika
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
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||||||||||
5
|
17109516
|
Ameh Sunday
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
6
|
17109320
|
Anih Meshark Chidera
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
7
|
17109579
|
Asogwa Ifechukwu
Blessing
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
8
|
17109362
|
Asogwa Sopulu Pepetual
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
9
|
17109597
|
Attah Blessing Ngozi
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
10
|
17109406
|
Chioke Esther
Toochukwu
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
11
|
17109729
|
Chukwu Chinaza
Emmanuel
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
12
|
17109495
|
Chukwueze Benedeth
Ogechi
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
13
|
17109763
|
Eze Blessing Ngozi
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
14
|
17101011
|
Eze Cynthia Adaeze
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
15
|
17109436
|
Eze Edith Nneka
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
16
|
17109104
|
Eze Lilian Chidinma
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
17
|
17109937
|
Eze Pauline Chiege
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
18
|
17109990
|
Eze Priscillia
Chigozie
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
19
|
17109576
|
Ezugwu Favour Nnedi
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
20
|
17109617
|
Livinus Chinecherem
Miracle
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
21
|
17109860
|
Nwadi Ebere
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
22
|
17109899
|
Odoh Emmanuella
Chibuzor
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
23
|
17109431
|
Ogbodo Peace
Chinenyenwa
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
24
|
17109447
|
Ogbonna Lovelyn
Chidera
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
25
|
17109961
|
Ogbu Annastecia Chioma
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
26
|
17109453
|
Onuh Doris Oluchukwu
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
27
|
17109467
|
Onyekachi Emmanuella
Ifunanya
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
28
|
17109712
|
Ugwu Charity Chigozie
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
29
|
17109712
|
Ugwu Chigozie Charity
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
30
|
17109194
|
Ugwu Chizoba Rita
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
31
|
17109838
|
Ugwu Rosemary Onyinye
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
32
|
17109151
|
Ugwuanyi Ifunanya
Lovelyn
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
33
|
17109962
|
Ugwuanyi Juliet Nneka
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
34
|
17109221
|
Ugwuoke Odinaka Loveth
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
35
|
17109448
|
Fayemi Deborah Abidemi
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
36
|
17109582
|
Enejere Chibueze Paul
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
37
|
17101069
|
Amadi Queen Chika
|
ECONS/POL SCIENCE
|
||||||||||
38
|
17109628
|
Asadu Patience
Kasiemobi
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
39
|
17109636
|
Attah Emmanuel Ejike
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
40
|
17109264
|
Ayogu Blessing
Ndidiamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
41
|
17109408
|
Chukwuma Ebube Faith
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
42
|
17109988
|
Ebe Friday Nwabueze
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
43
|
17109817
|
Eze Esther Chinyerem
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
44
|
17109519
|
Eze Sylvia Nkemdili
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
45
|
17109392
|
Ezembu Zimbuzo Akunna
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
46
|
17109541
|
Ezugwu John Nnaemeka
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
47
|
17109204
|
Ezugwu Lucy Ukamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
48
|
17109241
|
Igwurube Cecilia
Ifeoma
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
49
|
17109304
|
John Promise Chigozie
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
50
|
17109400
|
Mbah Miriam Kasiemobi
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
51
|
17109263
|
Mbah Nnenna
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
52
|
17101054
|
Nwankwo Agnes Chekwube
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
53
|
17109900
|
Nwankwo Livinus Ebube
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
54
|
17109169
|
Obetta Perpetua
Chekwube
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
55
|
17109745
|
Ochu Isaiah Uzodimma
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
56
|
17109554
|
Odo Angela Chinyere
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
57
|
17109515
|
Odo Arinze Perpetua
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
58
|
17109984
|
Ododo Uchenna Angelina
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
59
|
17109612
|
Ofeghu Felicia
Ifebuche
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
60
|
17109162
|
Okeke James Chikwado
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
61
|
17109184
|
Okpe Uchechukwu
Angelina
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
62
|
17109232
|
Stephen Precious
Okwukwamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
63
|
17109355
|
Ugwu Christopher
Chinonso
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
64
|
171010051
|
Ugwu ThankGod Ifeanyi
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
65
|
17109761
|
Ugwuanyi Chidera
Buthanson
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
66
|
17109171
|
Ugwueze Scholastica
Onyinyechi
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
67
|
17109261
|
Vincent Ezra Chinedu
|
POL SCIENCE/CRS
|
||||||||||
68
|
17109252
|
Abaeze Jacinta Ogechi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
69
|
17109124
|
Abugu Peace Ifeyinwa
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
70
|
17109415
|
Agbo Jenevive Chinenye
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
71
|
17109958
|
Agu Victoria Odinaka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
72
|
17109997
|
Ani Melody Amaechi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
73
|
17109637
|
Aniekwe Chinecherem
Charity
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
74
|
17109714
|
Anikwe Chioma Lovelyn
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
75
|
17109989
|
Anthony Faustina Ada
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
76
|
17109941
|
Arinze Annastecia
Chidimma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
77
|
17109807
|
Aruah Ogochukwu
Jennifer
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
78
|
17109101
|
Aruma Joy Chinasa
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
79
|
17109644
|
Asogwa Thomas Erochukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
80
|
17109738
|
Chukwu Precious
Nneamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
81
|
17109671
|
Edeh Oluchi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
82
|
17109615
|
Edeh Stella Chidera
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
83
|
17109589
|
Edeoga Ephraim
Chinecherem
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
84
|
17109143
|
Eke Lucy Chekwube
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
85
|
17109595
|
Eke Marycynthia
Kelechi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
86
|
17109713
|
Ekeh Faith Blessing
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
87
|
17109401
|
Eneh Chinecherem Joy
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
88
|
17109308
|
Enekwe Sebastin
Chibueze
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
89
|
17109835
|
Ezaka David Ogbonna
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
90
|
17109558
|
Eze Emilia Chizoba
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
91
|
17109122
|
Eze Amarachi Modesty
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
92
|
17109568
|
Eze Augustine Ekene
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
93
|
17109557
|
Eze Augustine
Ikechukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
94
|
17109523
|
Eze Chinaza Lovelyn
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
99
|
17109558
|
Eze Emilia chizoba
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
96
|
17109427
|
Eze Jacintha Chioma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
97
|
17109791
|
Eze Joshua Chikaodili
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
98
|
17109280
|
Eze Mary Amarachi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
99
|
17109650
|
Ezeleke Maureen
Chinenye
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
100
|
17109506
|
Ezema Amara Ann
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
101
|
17109096
|
Ezeme Ezinne Irene
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
102
|
17109695
|
Ezeme Linda Chiemela
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
103
|
17109969
|
Ezenwa John Enyiduru
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
104
|
17109903
|
Ezike Oluchukwu Lilian
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
105
|
17109218
|
Idenyi Adanne Gloria
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
106
|
17109760
|
Idoko Precious Kosiso
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
107
|
17109827
|
Igwe Emilia Ekwutosi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
108
|
17109251
|
Igwurube Alexander
Sunday
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
109
|
17109346
|
Ikechukwu Favour
Ogochukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
110
|
17109310
|
Ilobi Chinelo Patience
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
111
|
17109759
|
Isiwu Chinyere
Jennifer
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
112
|
17109407
|
Iyida Blessing
Nkemdilim
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
113
|
17109318
|
Iyida Chidera Favour
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
114
|
17109698
|
Mbah Justies Chinedu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
115
|
17109248
|
Ngwu Blessing Ngozi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
116
|
17109281
|
Ngwu Precious Adanne
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
117
|
17109455
|
Nnadi Emelda Chiamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
118
|
17109715
|
Nnadi Julieth Chidera
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
119
|
17101066
|
Nnamani Benita ozioma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
120
|
17101054
|
Nwankwo Agnes Chekwube
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
121
|
17101020
|
Nwodo Obioma Rosemary
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
122
|
17109864
|
Obochi Favour Chiamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
123
|
17109676
|
Ochibe Hillary Ifeanyi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
124
|
17109509
|
Odeh Nkechinyere jane
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
125
|
17109586
|
Odo Adolphus Azubuike
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
126
|
17109395
|
Odo Happiness
Ozodinobi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
127
|
17109344
|
Odoabuchi Emmanuel
Ifeanyi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
128
|
17109444
|
Ofana Favour Chisom
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
129
|
17109364
|
Ogbonna Juliet
Chincherem
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
130
|
17109913
|
Ogbu Lovelyn Chisom
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
131
|
17109810
|
Ogbu Mercy Oluchukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
132
|
17109284
|
Ogili Cynthia Odinaka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
133
|
17109657
|
Okezie Happiness
Anurika
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
134
|
17109848
|
Okoro Felix
Onyedikachi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
135
|
17101065
|
Omeje Paschal Onyebuchi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
136
|
17109108
|
Omenli Annastesia
Chinwendu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
137
|
17109840
|
Onah Chidinma
Emmanuela
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
138
|
17109935
|
Onah Miracle Ebubechi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
139
|
17101070
|
Onah Ruth Chinonso
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
140
|
17109573
|
Onanweze Blessing
Onyinye
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
141
|
17109592
|
Onugwu Chinenye
Chekwubechi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
142
|
17109164
|
Onunze Innocent
Izuchukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
143
|
17109326
|
Onuorah Ifeoma Perpetual
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
144
|
17109134
|
Onyia Techla
Ifesinachi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
145
|
'17109669
|
Onyishi Doris
Chinecherem
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
146
|
17109295
|
Onyishi Oluchi Maryann
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
147
|
17109168
|
Owusi Lucy Uchechukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
148
|
17109602
|
Ozioko Ifunanya
Miracle
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
149
|
17109874
|
Udaya Lovelyn Adanne
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
150
|
17109898
|
Udeh Ebubechukwu
Philipmichael
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
151
|
17109350
|
Udeze Chidera Charity
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
152
|
17109826
|
Ugwu Joy Oluchi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
153
|
17101051
|
Ugwu ThankGod Ifeanyi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
154
|
17109166
|
Ugwuagu Charity
Chidimma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
155
|
17109894
|
Ukwueze Emmanuel
Izuchukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
156
|
17109571
|
Ukwueze Pauline Ifeoma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
157
|
17109785
|
Utazi Ejiofor
Christian
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
158
|
17109254
|
Uzor Chidimma Maryann
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
159
|
17109779
|
Odo Loveth Chinedu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
160
|
17109527
|
Okechukwu Nnenna Anita
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
161
|
17109756
|
Augustine Ogochukwu
Annastecia
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
162
|
17101049
|
Emmanuel Jane Chidimma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
163
|
17109567
|
Nwoke Victor Nnaemeka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
164
|
17101074
|
Odoh Happiness Ukamaka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
165
|
17109823
|
Eke, Valentine
Uzodimma
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
166
|
17109585
|
Odo Henry Onyeka
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
167
|
17101076
|
Odo, Peace Ugochukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
168
|
17101057
|
Ani Franklin Ifeanyi
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
169
|
17101031
|
Mallo, Chinecherem
Felicita
|
POL SCIENCE/ENG
|
||||||||||
170
|
17109685
|
Ike, Martina Nneka
|
POL SCIENCE/FRENCH
|
||||||||||
172
|
17109719
|
Eze, Edith Nkeiruka
|
POL SCIENCE/IGBO
|
||||||||||
173
|
17109949
|
Ezeja, Nnedinso
Cynthia
|
POL SCIENCE/IGBO
|
||||||||||
174
|
17101000
|
Okereke Miracle
Nkechinyer
|
POL SCIENCE/IGBO
|
||||||||||
175
|
17109300
|
Uzodinma, Makuochukwu
|
POL SCIENCE/IGBO
|
||||||||||
176
|
17101013
|
Ome, Priscillia Ginika
|
POL SCIENCE/IGBO
|
||||||||||
| 177 | 16108342 | Odo, MaryAnn Ndidiamaka |
POLSCIENCE/IGBO
|
||||||||||
A. Group Agui
Ironsi FROM 1-42
1. Mention
and explain 10 reasons for Military
interventions in Politics
B .Group
Yakubu Gowon FROM 43-84
2. State
the structure of military government and
its legitimacy
C. Group
Murtala Muhammed FROM 85-127
3. What
are the problems of military disengagement in Nigeria Politics?
D. Group Ibrahim
Babangida FROM 127-177
4.
Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
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NAME: ONUORAH IFEOMA PERPETUAL
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109326
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 143
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting conveyed by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the popularity based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as a system to scare political adversaries to toe a similar part with the official. Indictment had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the prosecutions in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where disagree is an utter detestation. A nonconformist is quickly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved on the grounds that he composed a piece that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military prohibited the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured mortification as refered to above. This persuasions were repeated in 2007 of every a majority rule government in this way; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency lengthening (Obasanjo needed the parliament to favor a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the civil argument live, in this way terrifying way the individuals who might have bantered for the lengthening. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT journalists and ceased and annihilated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency extension'.
3. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the order structure of the military gives no space to exchange, arrangement, assertion and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with quick impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, mutilate and pass on or get by simultaneously. In the present allotment, the President hosted ordered the individuals from his get-together to view the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and variation of majority rule government.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its mandates. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and rehearsed in the vote based field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), authoritative board report and newspaper and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether announced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural abnormality) by the courts.
At long last the direct of majority rule races in Nigeria bore a sign of fighting and occasions in an army state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over, their sights induced dread in the common masses. Also, universal fringes are constantly shut. Extensive inconsistencies denoted the planning and execution of the decisions as a few applicants' names were/would not be incorporated into the vote papers.
NAME: ONYEKACHI EMMANUELLA IFUNANYA
ReplyDeleteREGISTRATION NUMBER: 17109467
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 27
1. POLITICIZATION OF THE ARMY: Another reason for the military intercession in Nigeria was the politicization of the armed force. The armed force was politicized to the point that one's advancement was never again in view of one's understanding, capability and preparing yet rather on one's political leanings which was thusly supported on one's ancestral source.
2. TRIBALISM AND NEPOTISM: Another key commitment to the military oust of the regular citizen administration of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Enlistment, arrangement and advancement inside the Nigerian Civil Service depended on "whom you know". One was not very beyond any doubt of arrangement into the Civil Service in the event that one didn't know any "Oga" inside the administration or did not have a place with a specific clan. This, the military said was awful.
3. FOREIGN COMPLICITY: One can't preclude outside complicity in the Nigerian upset d'tat of 1966 and consequent ones. Some remote forces are associated with being engaged with administration change so they can help put into control governments that are amiable to their impulses and fancies.
4. CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Another incredible explanation behind military mediation in legislative issues is political emergency in a nation; like on account of military intercessions amid the Cold War in light of the fact that the socialist administrations fizzled against private enterprise and popular government
5. CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY: This hypothesis gives the more prominent the assets and power the military has, the more noteworthy the odds of a military overthrow. A feeble regular citizen organization may incite solid military powers to assume control in the nation, this is the reason the activities of military powers ought to be observed
6. REGIONAL DIFFERENCE: Regional contrasts are constantly given as the motivation to military mediation in the political issues of Latin America. Nigeria additionally has a few issues existing between a few states. Nigeria is where in excess of 400 clans exist together calmly.
7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: According to this hypothesis, a military intercession can occur because of doubt in the financial advancement of the nation. Socially and financially stable nations are less inclined to military upsets. Military intercessions for the most part occur in nations with low-wage status.
8. REGIONAL BASED POLITICAL PARTIES: Various political gatherings that were working at the time were not national in nature. The whole help base of the different political gatherings was regionalised. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was upheld basically by individuals from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its help from the Western Region and the Northern People's Congress drew its help for the most part from the Northern Region. This, as per the military did not cause national union.
9. MISMANAGEMENT OF ECONOMY: Another allegation that was leveled against the regular citizen government to warrant their oust was that they bungled the economy. The economy was said to have been mismanaged to the point that if the military had not ventured in, the economy would have slid into a chasm.
10. UNHEALTHY RIVALRY AMONG THE MAJOR TRIBES: The legislators of the day were blamed by the military for taking part in ancestral governmental issues. The political routine with regards to the time depended on ethnicity so every one of the major political gatherings was shaking for amazingness. This, as per the military, seriously harmed national solidarity.
NAME: UGWU CHRISTOPHER CHINONSO
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109355
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/CRS
COURSE CODE: POL 216
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
NUMBER: 63
GROUP: B
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966. For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not receive any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
Nigeria was under military rule from 1966-1999. Usually military rule is only a short term initiative and it is used to only stabilize governments until democratic processes are put into order. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has become a long term agenda. Influential personalities from past military regiments still play a role in the more democratic government of today. Adults who were born during military rule would have a hard time adapting to a democratic run government due to the fact that their morals, views, and ideologies have been formed on military rule. Some citizens view the military as men of "discipline and responsibility". Most believe that military rule was responsible for the development of today's infrastructure. The military structure although heavily criticized for human rights atrocities, and practices of corruption did accomplish some positive initiatives. So why change from a military to a more democratic structure of governance?
Researchers argue that a military style of government of the past could affect a democratic government of the present in many ways. The norms and morals of past military officials in politics seem to transfer to officials of a democratic run government.
LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
The military is not by nature a congenial partner with democracy. It is an authoritarian regime that cannot tolerate the individual freedom and civil liberties of democracy.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
The Constitution is the ultimate standard of legitimacy for military officers. They must not only understand the Constitution, but upon commissioning take an oath to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. The military government promotes human rights, and the rule of law in emerging democracies requires leadership that understands the importance of civil-military relations to military legitimacy. Leadership must be provided in military environments, which necessitates balancing the requirements of war fighting with a professional style that promotes civil-military relations.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
NAME: ATTAH EMMANUEL EJIKE
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109636
DEPT: 17109636
COURSE CODE: POL 226
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
NUMBER: 39
GROUP: A
MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. Socio-Economic Development: According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status.
2. Corruption and Political Development: Another great reason for military Intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy.
3. Centrality of the Military: This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored!
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society: These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime.
5. Regional Differences: Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states.
6. The ambition of the military to hold sway of power:
The inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere. This is an irrefutable fact.
In 1966 for instance, the first coup d’etat of January was masterminded by major Kaduna Nzeogwu. Nzeogwu and his cohorts were revolutionary minded officers who had the intention to attain the leadership position of the country and redirect its course of movement.
7. Political instability:
The military also saw the political instability of Nigeria as a reason to intervene at the various time they did. Truly, the polity of the Nigerian state was heated up at the various time coups took place. For instance, prior to the January 1966 coup, the people of the western region were in mess.
8. Fear of national disintegration:
Another reason why the military is involved in politics is when there is a fear and high probability of national disintegration. This view is emphasised by the believe that militaryintervention in politics is at times a necessary evil because civilian governments are often characterised by corruption and incapable of governing a country.
9. Defense of human right and constitution:
Leite et al (2002) argues that a justified reason why the military intervenes in politics is to act indefense of human rights and also the constitution. Thus it intervenes in politics only to stabilize the political system by returning the rule of law as can be noted by the ouster of Jammeh in Gambia by ECOWAS.
10. Lack of 10. institutionalized political culture:
Huntington (1995) is of the view that the military is most likely to intervene in politics especially in states lacking institutionalized political cultures, which suffer from economic hardship and social divisions. This school of thought has been associated with the environmentalist view that the prevailing state’s socio-political and economic environment is responsible for military takeover within society.
NAME: OGBU LOVELYN CHISOM
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109913
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 130
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of battling passed on by the military to mind the adversary. It is a psychological method to manage battling. This has been extrapolated into the law based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as an instrument to terrify political adversaries to toe a comparative part with the authority. Indictment had been used as an instrument of threatening. This had been adequately used in the indictments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states separately.
2. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is an entrenched sureness that the summon structure of the military gives no space to talk, plan, attestation and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the guidelines of 'with provoke affect in the number one spot of social responsibility. Today, Nigerians use the possibility of 'with incite affect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, ruin and pass on or get by at the same time. In the present assention, the President facilitated asked the people from his social affair to see the choice as a 'do or fail miserably attempted'.
3. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military organization is a one social event wonder where repudiate is shocking cursedness. A dissenter is immediately restricted. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal journalist of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he created a piece that was repulsive to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military limited the 'New breed Magazine' and various feature writers persevered through humiliation as refered to above. This influences were rehashed in 2007 of each a greater part manage government thus; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the common contention for the residency expansion (Obasanjo required the parliament to attest a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) advertised the open consultation live, in like manner alarming way the people who may have exchanged words for the extending.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't organized to another point of convergence of demand or dissention. It has no family to persist 'protection' or dissention of view on its orders. This has been engraved in the brain of Nigerians and practiced in the impartial field. This was appeared in the midst of the outrageous moves towards the third term of organization. Any individual saw as an obstruction was undermined with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), administrative board report and paper and the announcement of the work environment of the VP purge, which frames were through and through declared as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural irregularity) by the courts.
In the midst of choices military men are made battle arranged, policemen are seen everywhere on, their sights caused fear in the ordinary citizens. Additionally, worldwide edges are continually closed. Huge legitimate irregularities signified the game plan and execution of the races as a couple of hopefuls' names were/would not be joined into the vote papers. This was a further undertaking to shrink the notoriety based space. It has any kind of effect little whether an ex-military officer is the President or not. The characteristics were discovered by all from the military and would reliably be rehashed in the prevalence based field in this way the title of the paper.
NAME: EZE CHINAZA LOVELYN
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL.SC/ENG
REG.NO: 17109523
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 94
QUESTION:
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present process of military disengagement underway in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the country’s post-colonial experience. The first ended in 1979 with the election to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. After four years of civilian rule, his National party Of Nigeria was re-elected to Office but almost immediately overthrown in a Coup led by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Twenty months later Buhari was himself deposed by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as head of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida immediately moved to establish a military position of principle vis-a-vis the civilian populace. Less than a week after his intervention Babangida affirmed the regime's recognition that government needed the consent of the people in order to reach its objectives. There was talk in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had acknowledged the existence of a social contract in civil-military relations and responsibilities. The regime moved quickly to redress the country’s economic malaise and to formalize its commitment to the process of military disengagement. Its first priority was, however, to achieve economic stability and specific economic problems were identified.
The Problems of Military Disengagement in Nigeria
i. A decrease in domestic production accompanied by a continued increase in population;
ii. A dependence on imports for both consumer goods and raw materials for industry;
iii. A grossly unequal gap between the rich and poor; and
iv. The large role played by the public sector in economic activities with hardly any concrete results to justify such a role, an allusion to the failure of parastatals these four factors set the stage for subsequent government action regarding the economy with policies that became integral to the process of military disengagement.
By 1985 GDP growth had slowed down to an annual increase of one per Cent. During the petroleum boom of the 1970s annual GDP growth rates Of 10 per cent had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was double-digit inflation, a foreign debt of $20.2 billion, climbing to $33.36 billion in October 1991, increased unemployment and a pressing need for a structural adjustment programme.
NAME: NGWU BLESSING NGOZI
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL. SC/ENG
REG.NO: 17109248
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 115
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF THE MILITARY RULE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA.
Having been independent for over fifty two years ago, and the military longer grip on the ruler ship of the country, it is necessary that the military has impacted much on the country’s political culture, as most of the political programmes for civilian rule had been influenced by the military. During the period, the military applied different approaches to the task of nation building from which the democratic political culture was envisaged and the foundation made. Indeed, some of the programmes were short-lived without any thing to offer in terms of pushing the nation towards the direction of developing an indigenous political culture, whereas others such as the military government of Olusegun Obasenjo, Ibrahim Bahangida and Abdusalam Abubakar actually did give the Nigerian people some direction. Indeed, it is pertinent to note that intermittent military involvement in governance had brought changes and disruptions on the path of democratic development. They made damages to the progress of the Nigerian Nation. Upon assumption of political office, the military had always presented themselves as the much awaited messiah. Based on the above, they go a long way to win the people’s mind and support. But very often this same military fall into the same crimes for which they sacked the civilian government. Military regimes are never democratic. However, even though their policies and programmes appear to be so, it is assumed that they appear so to seek legitimacy which they never had. For instance, the suspension of the constitution, and the promulgation of rush and hasty decrees are quite incompatible with democratic order. Again, under the military, the masses are always coerced instead of coaxed to obey rules or decrees. The military apply rule of men rather than rule of law. In most cases the press is not allowed to exercise freedom in practical terms, while carrying out their duties. The military discourage political education and scares the mass from political participation through the use of decrees and abuse of fundamental human rights, thereby denying the masses the opportunity to partake in resources allocation and values development in Nigeria. These vices were developed by the military in Nigerian politics and passed on to Nigerian political system as a tradition or value system, thereby affecting negatively Nigerian democratic culture.
In conclusion, military rule has impacted Nigeria on the part of democratic development having first set up political institutions. Such institutions include formation of political parties, restoration of political campaigns and provision of voters’ registration and offices. Though, looking at the Nigerian experience, one wonders if the military can said to be corrective or redemptive. It cannot be any when the constitution is banned and the rule is by decrees. Military regimes in Nigeria, rather than allowing for a fair playing ground for politicians to test their popularity and acceptance always employ services of their security collaborators to corruptly manipulate the resources of the nation which they are supposed to protect and harness for the benefit of all.
NAME: OKEZIE HAPPINESS ANURIKA
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109657
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 133
GROUP: D
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the summon structure of the military gives no space to exchange, transaction, assertion and appeasement. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with quick impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, mangle and kick the bucket or make due all the while. In the present regulation, the President hosted urged the individuals from his gathering to see the race as a 'do or kick the bucket issue'.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where contradict is an abomination. A dissident is instantly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a main reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved on the grounds that he composed a piece that was disagreeable to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military prohibited the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured embarrassment as refered to above. This arguments were reproduced in 2007 of every a majority rule government in this way; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency extension (Obasanjo needed the parliament to endorse a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) broadcast the civil argument live, accordingly startling way the individuals who might have discussed for the prolongation. The State Security Service (SSS) struck the AIT correspondents and ceased and decimated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency lengthening'. In April 2007 amid the decision acclaimed to have been broadly imperfect, the State Security Service (SSS – the Secret Police) again attacked the studio of the station amid the airing of 'a narrative on Nigerian political improvement'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting sent by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the fair milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as an instrument to threaten political adversaries to toe a similar part with the official. Arraignment had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its orders. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the vote based field. This was showed amid the notorious moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), regulatory board report and journal and the announcement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether proclaimed as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural abnormality) by the courts.
At last the direct of vote based races in Nigeria bore a sign of fighting and occasions in a battalion state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over the place, their sights induced dread in the common masses. Furthermore, worldwide outskirts are constantly shut. Significant logical inconsistencies denoted the planning and execution of the races as a few competitors' names were/would not be incorporated into the poll papers. This was a further endeavor to shrivel the equitable space.
NAME: UGWUAGU CHARITY CHIDIMMA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL. SC/ENG
REG. NO: 17109166
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 154
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF THE MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA.
Having been autonomous for more than fifty two years prior, and the military longer hold on the ruler ship of the nation, it is important that the military has affected much on the nation's political culture, as the vast majority of the political projects for regular citizen administer had been impacted by the military. Amid the period, the military connected diverse ways to deal with the undertaking of country working from which the popularity based political culture was imagined and the establishment made. Surely, a portion of the projects were brief with nothing to offer as far as pushing the country towards the course of building up an indigenous political culture, while others, for example, the military legislature of Olusegun Obasenjo, Ibrahim Bahangida and Abdusalam Abubakar really gave the Nigerian individuals some bearing. Without a doubt, it is correlated to take note of that discontinuous military association in administration had expedited changes and interruptions the way of vote based advancement. They gained harms to the ground of the Nigerian Nation. Endless supply of political office, the military had dependably introduced themselves as the much anticipated savior. In light of the above, they go far to win the general population's psyche and support. In any case, regularly this same military fall into similar wrongdoings for which they sacked the nonmilitary personnel government. Military administrations are never popularity based. In any case, despite the fact that their strategies and projects give off an impression of being thus, it is accepted that they show up so to look for authenticity which they never had. For example, the suspension of the constitution, and the declaration of surge and hurried pronouncements are very incongruent with equitable request. Once more, under the military, the majority are constantly forced rather than urged to obey guidelines or announcements. The military apply administer of men as opposed to govern of law. Much of the time the press isn't permitted to practice flexibility in functional terms, while doing their obligations. The military debilitate political training and unnerves the mass from political interest using announcements and mishandle of central human rights, along these lines denying the majority the chance to share in assets distribution and qualities advancement in Nigeria. These indecencies were created by the military in Nigerian governmental issues and passed on to Nigerian political framework as a custom or esteem framework, along these lines influencing adversely Nigerian law based culture.
All in all, military govern has affected Nigeria with respect to popularity based advancement having first set up political establishments. Such foundations incorporate development of political gatherings, reclamation of political battles and arrangement of voters' enlistment and workplaces. However, taking a gander at the Nigerian experience, one miracles if the military can said to be remedial or redemptive. It can't be any when the constitution is restricted and the administer is by orders. Military administrations in Nigeria, as opposed to taking into account a reasonable playing ground for lawmakers to test their prevalence and acknowledgment dependably utilize administrations of their security associates to corruptly control the assets of the country which they should ensure and outfit for the advantage of all.
NAME: EZE JACINTHA CHIOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SCI/ ENGLISH
REG NO: 17109427
GROUP: C
NO: 96
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
IN SUMMARY
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
• The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
MAJOR PROBLEMS NIGERIA WILL 'CARRY OVER' INTO 2017
• Recession. ...
• Boko Haram. ...
• Niger Delta Militancy. ...
• Kidnapping. ...
• Farmers/Herders Clashes. ...
• Rural Banditry/Cattle Rustling. ...
• High-Profile Corruption Cases. ...
• Babachir/Magu imbroglio:
CONCLUSION
Of all Murtala Muhammad's actions, however, the one that had the most lasting consequences was a program of transition to civilian rule that he initiated before his death. The program was carried through as planned by his successor, Obasanjo. The stages of the transition agenda included the creation of more states, the reform of the local government system, the making of a new constitution, the formation of parties. and, finally, the election of a new government. The transition process was to culminate in the handing over of power to civilians on October 1, 1979.
In addition to its methodical conduct of all the stages of the transition to civilian government in 1979, the Obasanjo government initiated numerous reforms in public life. Attempts were made to introduce greater probity in the activities of civil servants and other public officials. The main vehicle for this process was the establishment of public complaints commissions in all states of the federation and in the capital. Despite the publicizing of particular cases of abuse of office and corruption, little progress was made in stopping the spread of this cancer in the society and economy.
In February 1976, Murtala Muhammad was killed in an unsuccessful coup led by Colonel Bukar Dimka and officers from the middle belt; the coup appeared to be an attempt by middle-belt officers to bring back Gowon from his self-imposed exile and reinstate him as head of state. Obasanjo, a Yoruba and southerner, became head of state. Although unfavorably compared with Murtala Muhammad initially, he succeeded in many areas of his administration where the more intransigent Murtala Muhammad might have failed. Obasanjo became an adept political ruler, determined not to exacerbate north-south and Muslim-Christian schisms in the country.
NAME: OBOCHI FAVOUR CHIAMAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SCI/ ENGLISH
REG NO: 17109864
GROUP: C
NO: 122
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”.
MAJOR PROBLEMS NIGERIA WILL 'CARRY OVER' INTO 2017
• Recession. ...
• Boko Haram. ...
• Niger Delta Militancy. ...
• Kidnapping. ...
• Farmers/Herders Clashes. ...
• Rural Banditry/Cattle Rustling. ...
• High-Profile Corruption Cases. ...
• Babachir/Magu imbroglio:
These conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
• The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place.
CONCLUSION
Of all Murtala Muhammad's actions, however, the one that had the most lasting consequences was a program of transition to civilian rule that he initiated before his death. The program was carried through as planned by his successor, Obasanjo. The stages of the transition agenda included the creation of more states, the reform of the local government system, the making of a new constitution, the formation of parties.
NAME: EZUGWU JOHN NNEMEKA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109541
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/CRS
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 125
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 46
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT
ANSWER
1. The Head of state/president
2. The supreme Military Council (SMC)’ the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil SERVICE
MILITARY LAGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the balance between might and right. It is a relative concept that differs in times of war and peace. In wartime, national survival is paramount with defeat of the enemy by overwhelming military force the ultimate test of military legitimacy. In peacetime the legitimacy of military operations is governed by legal and moral standards and values
On peacetime military operations—those operations other than war such as counterinsurgency, stability operations and nation-building. Combat is often an integral part of peacetime military operations, especially in the early stages, but strategic success is more dependent upon achieving political objectives than military objectives, and superior military force is never a substitute for the lack of legitimacy.
Military legitimacy is based on public perceptions of military operations, so that it is a reflection of civil-military relations. Overseas religious and cultural conflicts are the most obvious threats to the legitimacy of US military forces, while in the US civil-military issues are more subtle but nevertheless real. That is because the US military is an authoritarian regime within a democratic society, and its communal values—such as concepts of duty and loyalty to the military mission—represent a potential threat to libertarian civilian values. And because the military controls the nation’s most coercive powers, there is the danger that an isolated military and conflicting military and civilian values could undermine civil-military relations and threaten the legitimacy of the US military.
NAME: EKE LUCY CHEKWUBE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109143
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 125
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 84
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT
ANSWER
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
MILITARY LAGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the harmony amongst might and right. It is a relative idea that varies in the midst of war and peace. In wartime, national survival is principal with annihilation of the foe by overpowering military power a definitive trial of military authenticity. In peacetime the authenticity of military tasks is administered by lawful and moral guidelines and qualities
On peacetime military activities—those tasks other than war, for example, counterinsurgency, security tasks and country building. Battle is frequently an indispensable piece of peacetime military tasks, particularly in the beginning times, yet key achievement is more reliant after accomplishing political goals than military destinations, and prevalent military power is never a substitute for the absence of authenticity.
Military authenticity depends on open view of military tasks, with the goal that it is an impression of common military relations. Abroad religious and social clashes are the most evident dangers to the authenticity of US military powers, while in the US common military issues are more unobtrusive yet all things considered genuine. That is on account of the US military is a dictator administration inside a majority rule society, and its collective qualities, for example, ideas of obligation and faithfulness to the military mission—speak to a potential danger to libertarian regular citizen esteems. What's more, on the grounds that the military controls the country's most coercive forces, there is the risk that a confined military and clashing military and regular citizen esteems could undermine common military relations and debilitate the authenticity of the US military.
EZE BLESSING NGOZI
ReplyDelete17109763
NO 13
GROUP A
QUESTION: Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
• The rule of traditional rulers: The intervention of the military in the political scene of Nigeria was not totally a surprise to most political observers and thinkers. This is because nearly all the pre-colonial ethnic groups in the country were ruled by traditional rulers who were more or less dictators (Yesufu, 1982).
• Presence of regionalised parties: One of the reasons the military advanced for their intervention in the politics of Nigeria in 1966 was that the various political parties that were operating at the time were not national in nature. The entire support base of the various political parties was regionalised.
• Mismanagement of the economy: Another accusation that was leveled against the civilian government to warrant their overthrow was that they mismanaged the economy. The economy was said to have been so mismanaged that if the military had not stepped in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
• Unhealthy rivalry among the major tribes: The politicians of the day were accused by the military of engaging in tribal politics. The political practice of the time was based on ethnicity so that each of the major political parties was jostling for supremacy. This, according to the military, badly damaged national unity.
• Politicization of the army: Another cause of the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the army. The army was so politicized that one’s promotion was no longer based on one’s experience, qualificationand training but rather on one’s political leanings which was in turn underpinned on one’s tribal origin.
• Tribalism and nepotism: Another key contribution to the military overthrow of the civilian government of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Recruitment, appointment and promotion within the Nigerian Civil Service was based on “whom you know”. One was not too sure of appointment into the Civil Service if one did not know any “Oga” within the service or did not belong to a certain tribe. This, the military said was bad.
• Foreign complicity: One cannot rule out foreign complicity in the Nigerian coup d’tat of 1966 and subsequent ones. Some foreign powers are suspected of being involved in regime change so that they can help put into power governments that are amenable to their whims and caprices.\
• Finer (1988) argues that one of the theories which can help to explain military intervention in politics is through the socio economic development theory. According to this theory, the density of military interventions is more likely to decrease with increased socio-economic development status. This can help to explain why in Nigeria general Babangila removed Buhari from power in 1985
• Huntington (1995) is of the view that the military is most likely to intervene in politics especially in states lacking institutionalized political cultures, which suffer from economic hardship and social divisions. This school of thought has been associated with the environmentalist view that the prevailing state’s socio-political and economic environment is responsible for military take over within society.
• Another reason why the military is involved in politics is when there is a fear and high probability of national disintegration. This view is emphasised by the believe that military intervention in politics is at times a necessary evil because civilian governments are often characterised by corruption and incapable of governing a country and as a result the country is plagued by widespread political, economic and social disorders
REFERENCE
Amuwo, Kunle (1986). Military-inspired anti-bureaucratic corruption campaigns: an appraisal of Niger’s experience,The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 285-301
NAME: LIVINUS MIRCLE C.
ReplyDeleteREGISTRATION NUMBER: 17109617
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 20
QUESTION: MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. FOREIGN COMPLICITY: One can't preclude outside complicity in the Nigerian upset d'tat of 1966 and consequent ones. Some remote forces are associated with being engaged with administration change so they can help put into control governments that are amiable to their impulses and fancies.
2. CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Another incredible explanation behind military mediation in legislative issues is political emergency in a nation; like on account of military intercessions amid the Cold War in light of the fact that the socialist administrations fizzled against private enterprise and popular government
3. CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY: This hypothesis gives the more prominent the assets and power the military has, the more noteworthy the odds of a military overthrow. A feeble regular citizen organization may incite solid military powers to assume control in the nation, this is the reason the activities of military powers ought to be observed
4. REGIONAL DIFFERENCE: Regional contrasts are constantly given as the motivation to military mediation in the political issues of Latin America. Nigeria additionally has a few issues existing between a few states. Nigeria is where in excess of 400 clans exist together calmly.
5. POLITICIZATION OF THE ARMY: Another reason for the military intercession in Nigeria was the politicization of the armed force. The armed force was politicized to the point that one's advancement was never again in view of one's understanding, capability and preparing yet rather on one's political leanings which was thusly supported on one's ancestral source.
6. TRIBALISM AND NEPOTISM: Another key commitment to the military oust of the regular citizen administration of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Enlistment, arrangement and advancement inside the Nigerian Civil Service depended on "whom you know". One was not very beyond any doubt of arrangement into the Civil Service in the event that one didn't know any "Oga" inside the administration or did not have a place with a specific clan. This, the military said was awful.
7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: According to this hypothesis, a military intercession can occur because of doubt in the financial advancement of the nation. Socially and financially stable nations are less inclined to military upsets. Military intercessions for the most part occur in nations with low-wage status.
8. REGIONAL BASED POLITICAL PARTIES: Various political gatherings that were working at the time were not national in nature. The whole help base of the different political gatherings was regionalised. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was upheld basically by individuals from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its help from the Western Region and the Northern People's Congress drew its help for the most part from the Northern Region. This, as per the military did not cause national union.
9. MISMANAGEMENT OF ECONOMY: Another allegation that was leveled against the regular citizen government to warrant their oust was that they bungled the economy. The economy was said to have been mismanaged to the point that if the military had not ventured in, the economy would have slid into a chasm.
10. UNHEALTHY RIVALRY AMONG THE MAJOR TRIBES: The legislators of the day were blamed by the military for taking part in ancestral governmental issues. The political routine with regards to the time depended on ethnicity so every one of the major political gatherings was shaking for amazingness. This, as per the military, seriously harmed national solidarity.
Name: Mbah Miriam Kasiemobi
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/CRS
GROUP: B
Serial No: 50
Reg. No: 17109400
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
Structure of military government and its legitimacy include the following
• Military occupation of acquired foreign territory and the administration thereof
• Martial law, temporary military rule of domestic territory
• Military dictatorship, an authoritarian government controlled by a military and its political designees, called a military junta when done extra legally
• Stratocracy, a government traditionally or constitutionally run by a military.
Military occupation is effective provisional control by a certain ruling power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the violation of the actual sovereign. Military occupation is distinguished from annexation by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.
Military government may be broadly characterized as the administration or supervision of occupied territory, or as the governmental form of such an administration. Military government is distinguished from martial law, which is the temporary rule by domestic armed forces over disturbed areas.
The rules of military government are delineated in various international agreements, primarily the Hague Convention of 1907, the Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as established state practice. The relevant international conventions, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Commentaries, and other treaties by military scholars provide guidelines on such topics as rights and duties of the occupying power, protection of civilians, treatment of prisoners of war, coordination of relief efforts, issuance of travel documents, property rights of the populace, handling of cultural and art objects, management of refugees, and other concerns which are very important both before and after the cessation of hostilities. A country that establishes a military government and violates internationally agreed upon norms runs the risk of censure, criticism, or condemnation. In the current era, the practices of military government have largely become a part of customary international law, and form a part of the laws of war.
Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare specifies that a "[t]erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army." The form of administration by which an occupying power exercises government authority over occupied territory is called "military government." Neither the Hague Conventions nor the Geneva Conventions specifically define or distinguish an act of "invasion". The terminology of "occupation" is used exclusively.
Name: Odo Angela Chinyere
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/CRS
GROUP: B
Serial No: 56
Reg. No: 17109554
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
The military took over the machineries of government in Nigeria in 1966 in order to check the drift towards anarchy and disintegration staring the nation in the face at this period. The political leaders of the first republic (1960-66) had demonstrated ineptitude, parochialism, injustice and corrupt tendencies in the handling of national affairs and these had bred serious alienation of the masses as well as general disillusionment such that the rulers had virtually lost legitimacy after five years in office. The manipulation of ethno-religious factors for political ascendancy had noticeably become serious centrifugal forces which threatened the corporate existence of the nation. Paden and Soja (1970) observed that: Independence created a situation of competition for power largely between ethnic units, since other forms of group identity at the national level usually were not sufficiently developed to provide a wide basis of support. This therefore, partially explains why the emergent ruling elite preferred to use ethno-religious factors as the springboard for national service (Falola et al, 1994). Predictably this development caused serious crises and instability which provided excuse for military intervention. The coming of the supposedly apolitical and nationalistic military was widely acclaimed as the solution to the problems of nation building brought into bold relief by the politicians of the First Republic. However this was not to be as we will later discover in this study. For now, we need to clarify some terms like ”nation building” and “national integration” which are central to the study. We will also expound more on the nature of the Nigerian nation which the military had to contend with from 1966 as well as the characteristics of the military organization which could conceivably prepare its personnel for the messiahnic role which it arrogated to itself.
Name: Odo Arinze Perpetua
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/CRS
GROUP: B
Serial No: 57
Reg. No: 17109515
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military regime is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the armed forces. The military is the legitimate power-holding group that centralizes political and legal authority. Military regimes, however, cannot simply be classified as governments dominated by the military, because they are seldom purely military in composition. Civilian bureaucrats and politicians generally play a role in the government, but the military always has the final say. The presence of civilians in military governments shows that military elites do not necessarily organize military regimes. Nevertheless, a military regime is always governed by a military officer, active or retired, with the support of the military establishment, and the political structure includes routine mechanisms for high-level military officers to influence policy and political appointments.
Military involvement in politics either through military rule, sometimes referred to as military government or military regime, is a political phenomenon that has been characteristic of many societies especially the Third World countries. While it is regarded as a political aberration across the globe in recent times, it has continued to threaten many societies mostly in Africa even at this era of global “project democracy”. For most of human history, attaching “military” to “rule” would have been redundant because almost all political regimes in large societies of the pre-modern period fused military, religious, economic and monarchical powers (Badie et al, 2011).
Indeed, military rule is not a recent phenomenon because it pre-dated even the praetorianism of Roman times and was rampant during the feudal era as well as regular interregnum in the constitutional struggles of many societies, including Africa and other Third World countries especially after their political independence (Igwe, 2005). However, the separation of military and civilian powers and the development of professional and bureaucratic armed forces in European states in the 18th and 19th centuries gave birth to the contemporary understanding of military rule (Badie et al, 2011). Consequently, military interventions in politics are very common both in democratic and totalitarian regimes (Onder, 2010). The “national guard” function of the military makes it very powerful and sometimes unquestionable when it begins to exert an almost unrestrained influence in government; the height of which may involve direct takeover of the institutions of governance.
Even in developed countries, although the military is restricted to national defense and obedience to the civil authority, it still exerts significant influence on the government policies (Onder, 2010). Halprin (1975) argued that even in the United States, the military poses a unique set of problems for Presidents. Equally, Fourney (1977) observed that no individual can have a significant effect on military budgets, including presidents. The distinguishing factor between the military of advanced societies and those of the less developed societies is the strict adherence of the former to military professionalism imbued with national protection and the inability of the later to curtail its gluttonous political adventure and concentrate in the assigned function of national protection.
The military in less developed societies have, for flimsy reasons and excuses, infiltrated the political administrative machineries of the states without correspondingly fulfilling their messianic propaganda embedded in their reasons for military takeover.
Name: Ugwu Thankgod Ifeanyi
ReplyDeleteReg no: 171010051
Dept: pol/crs
Group: D
Question: The impacts of military rule in the development of Nigeria.
IMPACTS OF MILITARY RULE IN NIGERIA
1. Infrastructural development: Such as construction of roads, airports, bridges, establishment of institutions, etc.
2. Breaking into units: The military prevented the country from breaking into units, e.g., civil war.
3. States creation: The military succeeded in the creation of states and local government councils.
4. Nigerian foreign policy: The military brought about a positive change in the Nigerian foreign policy.
5. Local government reforms: This was done in 1976 and 1990 making it a one-tier local government structure.
6. Promotion of national integration: The NYSC, federal government schools, etc were established to promote national integration.
7. Mass oriented programmes: Programmes like DEFRI, NDE, OFN, werev massively initiated.
8. Education: Education took a giant stride during the military rule. Many federal and state universities and polytechnics were set up.
NAME: UGWU CHIZOBA RITA
ReplyDeleteREGISTRATION NUMBER: 17109194
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 30
QUESTION: MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. REGIONALIZATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES: The cause at army over-take at government in Nigeria especially during the fist republic were regionally based. Therefore none of them had a broad national outlook as a result they leaned on their various ethnic groups in order to get support
2. CORRUPTION AND NEPOTISM: The large scale corruption and nepotism that pervaded the first and second republic, played a major role in the military intervention in political part in Nigeria these corruption and nepotism took the form at looting of public treasury, parading of ill gotten wealth before the hungry and toiling masses, the appointment and promotion of civil servants and distribution at amenities based on ethnic factors.
3. THE ACTION GROUP CRISIS OF 1962: The was another reason for military intervention in Nigeria politics within 1962, the action group controlling the western region and it was another catalyst that courses military intervention in 1966. The disagreement within the high ranking officer of the party led to the removal of the premier of the region, Chief S.L Akintola by governor Sir Adesoji Aderemi who appointed Chief Adegbenro as the premier.
4. ABSENCE OF FREE AND FAIR ELECTION: It is still hard to point out any election in Nigeria politic that can be regarded as free and fair. The much vaunted landside victory of 1983 election that led to the gun slide victory of the army on December 31st, 1983, by Mohammad Buhari.
5. EMBEZZLEMENT OF PUBLIC FUND: The rate and manner at which civilians embezzle and divert public money into their private purse when they are in power or o seat wake the min of the military, hence they take over the government. The politician became millionaires and billionaires in the second republic in Nigeria at the expenses of the toiling and suffering masses.
6. ECONOMIC MISMANAGEMENT: The Military came into power with hope to change the economic situation of Nigeria which was mismanaging by civilians. The civilians embarked on prestigious and economically unviable projects with the aim of gathering ten percentage, all these run Nigeria economy down and wake the military to overpower and management of economy and affairs of the Nigeria Government
7. ETHNICITY IN NIGERIA ARM: In civilian, politician managed to infuse tribalism and ethnicity into the sub-consciousness of the military. For example, quota promotion and quota recruitment in favour of a particular region created ill-feeling among the soldiers. It is also contribute to the intervention of military in Nigeria politics
8. THE NEGLECT OF MINORITY: The minority group felt cheated, humiliated and marginalized. They complained serverly ad this led to the creation of the mid-western region like in Nigeria politics today, majority seat in the senate and house representative is occupied by majority and ruling party.
9. THE DISPUTE OVER THE CENSUS FIGURES: In the year1962, Nigeria conducted a census which nearly breaks the country apart. The census figure where inflated in some parts of the country for the consolidation of their political agenda.
10. WESTERN REGION ELECTION OF 1965: After the Federal election of 1964, the relationship between the supporters of the two parties, NNA and UPGA went sore and became very hostile. This led to the looting of property and destruction of house and subsequently breakdown of law and order.
Name: Eze Edith Nkeiruka
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Igbo
GROUP: D
Serial No: 172
Reg. No: 17109719
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The practice of democracy in Nigeria in the last eight years has raised considerable issues, one of which is the overt display of ‘militarized political culture’ in the democratic space. Why is the political behavior of the supposed statesmen in a democratic setting essentially that of ‘active-combative posture’ rather than dialogue, negotiation and reconciliation as demanded by democratic tenets? Why should politicians, some of whom had never been in the military, act in the democratic space as garrison commanders? At the same time, why should politics be pursued as if it is warfare? The purpose of this paper is to offer both an explanation for the behavior of the political actors in the democratic era since 1999, and to set the conditions necessary for change if any. The evaluation of this phenomenon and its implication for democratic development is the concern of this paper. However, it is also the contention of this paper that the current behavior by political leaders and that of the followers at the national, state, local governments’ levels respectively, are accounted for by the militarization of the civic political culture through political osmotic processes. It is instructive that many children, who were born under the military regime and have become adult at eighteen, are only exposed to the command structure of the military in the civil culture.
IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE ON THE AFRICAN DEMOCRACY
Consequent upon the long years of military governance, the obvious outcome would be militarized political culture, manifested in the political behaviors of the dramatis personae in the democratic arena. The Nigerian civic culture was eroded and militarized culture imbibed. Thus, the rule of operation became that of order, combat rather than dialogue, disregard of court orders and violation of human rights became the tenets of militarized civic culture in a democratic dispensation. These values and norms are unknown to democracy. Democratic values include; spiritual or moral principles, ideals or qualities of life that people favor for their own sake.
Democracy is rooted in several key values, or norms. These values supply democracy’s moral content and give its institutions and procedures their normative purpose, as Sodaro (2008) said, these include; freedom, inclusion, equality, equity, welfare, negotiation and compromise. The absence of these values in the Nigerian democracy was captured in the cases discussed in the next section of the paper. The Dialectics of Militarism: Manifestations It is instructive to recall that the researchers had pursued the argument that the militarization of governance engenders a militarized civic culture the outcome of which is militarized psyche. It is herein stated that there is a significant incongruence between the internalized military culture, character, and the demands of democratic process. As a result, the democratic arena is seen as an extension of the barrack. This point is given credence to with the dominance of exmilitary men as politicians who are yet to be recivilianized.
Name: Uzodinma Makuachukwu Chinonyelum
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Igbo
GROUP: D
Serial No: 175
Reg. No: 17109300
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The military as an organization has its values and norms, which has made it a unique organization. These values and norms are transferred to the larger society during military governance. The adoption of these values and norms within a democratic setup is hereby refereed to the dialectics of military governance. In the exposition of the military values and norms, it was observed that the military is a puritanical organization, and that the training which men receive in this institution and subsequent military experience imbues them with austere attitudes and a high sense of discipline and responsibility (Huntington 1962). The universalistic character of achievement orientation in the award of honors and promotion is said to be endemic in the military. Thus, the values of Puritanism, discipline, rationality and achievement orientation of the military are assumed to be much more directly relevant to change and development (Odetola 1982) as against the ascriptive value orientation of the rest of social organizations in African society. It is perhaps these values, which enabled the military in Nigeria to be able to execute the various National Development Plans in Nigeria. It is no news that the best National Development Plans in Nigeria were conceived and executed by the military.
They gave birth to the most enduring infrastructures in Nigeria today. It has been said that the education and training, which soldiers receive, make them professional men. It is also assumed that such acquired values or attributes are transferable into situations or occupational roles, which may not be entirely military. The third assumption is that in the process of governing a civilian society, these military values are transmitted to the rest of the society in a way that regulates societal behavior and consequently changes such societies (Odetola 1982). The point here is that, the long years of military rule, made the boundaries between the barracks and the civil society so permeable that the ethos of the military affected the entire society.
Effects of Military Rule on the democracy in africa
Consequent upon the long years of military governance, the obvious outcome would be militarized political culture, manifested in the political behaviors of the dramatis personae in the democratic arena. The Nigerian civic culture was eroded and militarized culture imbibed. Thus, the rule of operation became that of order, combat rather than dialogue, disregard of court orders and violation of human rights became the tenets of militarized civic culture in a democratic dispensation. These values and norms are unknown to democracy. Democratic values include; spiritual or moral principles, ideals or qualities of life that people favor for their own sake. Democracy is rooted in several key values, or norms. These values supply democracy’s moral content and give its institutions and procedures their normative purpose, as Sodaro (2008) said, these include; freedom, inclusion, equality, equity, welfare, negotiation and compromise.
NAME: ONUH DORIS OLUCHUKWU
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109453
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 26
QUESTION: MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
ANSWERS
1. REGIONALIZATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES: The reason at armed force over-take at government in Nigeria particularly amid the clench hand republic were locally based. Along these lines none of them had an expansive national viewpoint therefore they inclined toward their different ethnic gatherings keeping in mind the end goal to get bolster
2. CORRUPTION AND NEPOTISM: The expansive scale defilement and nepotism that swarmed the first and second republic, assumed a noteworthy part in the military intercession in political part in Nigeria these debasement and nepotism took the shape at plundering of open treasury, parading of sick gotten riches before the eager and worked masses
3. THE ACTION GROUP CRISIS OF 1962: The was another purpose behind military mediation in Nigeria legislative issues inside 1962, the activity gather controlling the western locale and it was another impetus that courses military intercession in 1966. The difference inside the high positioning officer of the gathering prompted the expulsion of the head of the area, Chief S.L Akintola by representative Sir Adesoji Aderemi who designated Chief Adegbenro as the head.
4. ABSENCE OF FREE AND FAIR ELECTION: It is still hard to call attention to any race in Nigeria politic that can be viewed as free and reasonable. The much vaunted landside triumph of 1983 race that prompted the firearm slide triumph of the armed force on December 31st, 1983, by Mohammad Buhari.
5. EMBEZZLEMENT OF PUBLIC FUND: The rate and way at which regular folks steal and occupy open cash into their private satchel when they are in power or o situate wake the min of the military, henceforth they assume control over the legislature. The lawmaker ended up moguls and extremely rich people in the second republic in Nigeria at the costs of the worked and enduring masses.
6. ECONOMIC MISMANAGEMENT: The Military came into control with would like to change the financial circumstance of Nigeria which was bungling by regular people. The regular citizens set out on renowned and monetarily unviable undertakings with the point of social occasion ten rate, all these run Nigeria economy down and wake the military to overwhelm and administration of economy and issues of the Nigeria Government
7. ETHNICITY IN NIGERIA ARM: In regular citizen, lawmaker figured out how to implant tribalism and ethnicity into the sub-awareness of the military. For instance, portion advancement and standard enrollment for a specific area made sick feeling among the warriors. It is additionally add to the intercession of military in Nigeria governmental issues
8. THE NEGLECT OF MINORITY: The minority assemble felt tricked, embarrassed and underestimated. They whined serverly promotion this prompted the formation of the mid-western district like in Nigeria legislative issues today, larger part situate in the senate and house delegate is possessed by dominant part and controlling gathering.
9. THE DISPUTE OVER THE CENSUS FIGURES: In the year1962, Nigeria led a registration which almost breaks the nation separated. The statistics figure where swelled in a few sections of the nation for the solidification of their political plan.
10. WESTERN REGION ELECTION OF 1965: After the Federal race of 1964, the connection between the supporters of the two gatherings, NNA and UPGA went sore and turned out to be extremely threatening. This prompted the plundering of property and decimation of house and along these lines breakdown of lawfulness.
Name: Stephen Precious .O
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/CRS
GROUP: B
Serial No: 62
Reg. No: 17109232
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
It is a known fact that the command structure of the military gives no room to dialogue, negotiation, arbitration and conciliation. The absence of this in social discourse brought to the fore the principles of ‘with immediate effect’ in the conduct of social engagement. Today, Nigerians employ the concept of ‘with immediate effect’ in social discourse. The military were trained to war, maim and die or survive in the process. In the current dispensation, the President had enjoined the members of his party to regard the election as a ‘do or die affair’.
This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and aberration of democracy. ii) Freedom of Expression The military governance is a one party phenomenon where dissent is an anathema. A dissenter is promptly detained. ‘Miniere Amakiri’ a chief correspondent of a Nigerian Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved just because he wrote a piece that was distasteful to the former Governor of Rivers State ‘Alfred Diete Spiff’, in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military proscribed the ‘Newbreed Magazine’ and many journalists suffered humiliation as cited above. This dialectics were replicated in 2007 in a democracy thus; in 2006 May 14, during the debate for the tenure elongation (Obasanjo wanted the parliament to approve a 3rd term for him).
African Independent Television (AIT) aired the debate live, thereby scaring way those who would have debated in favor of the elongation. The State Security Service (SSS) assaulted the AIT reporters and stopped and destroyed the master tape of a documentary entitled ‘a tenure elongation’. In April 2007 during the election acclaimed to have been widely flawed, the State Security Service (SSS –the Secret Police) again invaded the studio of the station during the airing of ‘a documentary on Nigerian political development’. In post-Obasanjo era, Yar Adua had re-enacted same with ‘Channels Television’ and ‘This Day Newspaper’ respectively even with the claim of due process and the Rule of Law’ as the mantra of his regime. This was an indication that beyond 2007, the military values pervaded the polity. The dialectics of the garrison state in a democratic setting is explicable.
Intimidation is a weapon of warfare deployed by the military to psyche the enemy. It is a psychological approach to warfare. This has been extrapolated into the democratic milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as a mechanism to intimidate political opponents to toe the same part with the executive.
NAME: EZUGWU FAVOUR NNEDI
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109576
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 19
QUESTION: MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
ANSWERS
1. EMBEZZLEMENT OF PUBLIC FUND: The rate and path at which general people take and involve open money into their private handbag when they are in influence or o arrange wake the min of the military, hereafter they accept control over the assembly. The official wound up head honchos and to a great degree rich individuals in the second republic in Nigeria at the expenses of the worked and persevering masses.
2. ECONOMIC MISMANAGEMENT: The Military came into control with might want to change the money related condition of Nigeria which was screwing up by general individuals. The general nationals set out on prestigious and financially unviable endeavors with the purpose of social event ten rate, all these run Nigeria economy down and wake the military to overpower and organization of economy and issues of the Nigeria Government
3. ETHNICITY IN NIGERIA ARM: In general subject, administrator made sense of how to embed tribalism and ethnicity into the sub-familiarity with the military. For example, divide progression and standard enlistment for a particular zone made debilitated feeling among the warriors. It is also add to the intervention of military in Nigeria administrative issues
4. THE NEGLECT OF MINORITY: The minority collect felt deceived, humiliated and thought little of. They cried serverly advancement this provoked the development of the mid-western region like in Nigeria authoritative issues today, bigger part arrange in the senate and house assign is controlled by prevailing part and controlling social occasion.
5. REGIONALIZATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES: The reason at furnished power over-take at government in Nigeria especially in the midst of the hold hand republic were privately based. Thusly none of them had a far reaching national perspective in this way they slanted toward their diverse ethnic social affairs remembering the ultimate objective to get reinforce
6. CORRUPTION AND NEPOTISM: The far reaching scale pollution and nepotism that swarmed the first and second republic, expected a critical part in the military intervention in political part in Nigeria these degradation and nepotism took the shape at pillaging of open treasury, parading of wiped out gotten wealth before the energetic and worked masses
7. THE ACTION GROUP CRISIS OF 1962: The was another reason behind military intervention in Nigeria administrative issues inside 1962, the action accumulate controlling the western area and it was another driving force that courses military mediation in 1966. The distinction inside the high situating officer of the get-together provoked the ejection of the leader of the zone, Chief S.L Akintola by delegate Sir Adesoji Aderemi who assigned Chief Adegbenro as the head.
8. ABSENCE OF FREE AND FAIR ELECTION: It is still hard to point out any race in Nigeria politic that can be seen as free and sensible. The much vaunted landside triumph of 1983 race that incited the gun slide triumph of the furnished power on December 31st, 1983, by Mohammad Buhari.
9. THE DISPUTE OVER THE CENSUS FIGURES: In the year1962, Nigeria drove an enlistment which nearly breaks the country isolated. The insights figure where swelled in a couple of segments of the country for the hardening of their political arrangement.
10. WESTERN REGION ELECTION OF 1965: After the Federal race of 1964, the association between the supporters of the two get-togethers, NNA and UPGA went sore and ended up being to a great degree debilitating.
NAME: EZE EDITH NNEKA
ReplyDeleteDEPT.: ECONOMICS/POLITICAL SCIENCE
REG. NO: 17109436
NUMBER: 15
COURSE CODE: POL. 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
QUESTION:
MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. Socio-Economic Development
According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status.
2. Corruption and Political Development
Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups.
3. The Centrality of the Military
This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored!
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society
These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria.
5. Regional Differences
Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states. Nigeria is a country where more than 400 tribes coexist peacefully.
6. Political Institutionalization
Political institutionalization has a strong negative impact in preventing the military interventions in politics, as predicted. We conclude this since there is practically no chance that the incidence of coups and institutionalization of countries are not related.
7. Economic Dependency
There is little evidence that coups were caused by economic dependency. Maybe this debt-GDP is only one of the factors as such that explains out-dependence to a certain extent in terms of commodity concentration. It appears that there is statistically significant relation only between expected coups and Latin American countries.
8. Structure of Society
As the homogeneity of country increases, the expected value of coup increases slightly when other variables in model held constant, but it is not statistically significant Ethnic relations are notoriously difficult to capture in cross-sectional analysis.
9.
The inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere. This is an irrefutable fact.
In 1966 for instance, the first coup d’etat of January was masterminded by major Kaduna Nzeogwu. Nzeogwu and his cohorts were revolutionary minded officers who had the intention to attain the leadership position of the country and redirect its course of movement.
Their military intervention on that morning of January 15 1966 was, therefore, one borne mainly out of their revolutionary ideologies, not necessarily out of the wobbly situation of the Nigerian state then.
10.
Reason to intervene at the various time they did. Truly, the polity of the Nigerian state was heated up at the various time coups took place. For instance, prior to the January 1966 coup, the people of the western region were in mess. The people experienced several crisis and moved from one to another.
Name: Anthony Faustina Ada
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Eng
GROUP: B
Serial No: 75
Reg. No: 17109989
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
For the past 16 years, Nigeria has transformed from military rule to a democratic structure of government. Even though the governmental constitution of 1999 promised Nigerian citizens a more democratically run government that would allow the citizens to play a role in political manners; Unfortunately, Nigerian governmental officials have not abide by the principles of the new constitutional structure and still operate in a "militant style fashion". Nigeria gained its independence in 1960 from British rule . At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966.
For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Military recruitment would also increase from 10,000 to 250,000 civilians in Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not received any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption. Many issues continue to arise around Nigeria and when one issue was addressed by the military government, other issues would arise. Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
Nigeria was under military rule from 1966-1999. Usually military rule is only a short term initiative and its used to only stabilize governments until democratic processes are put into order. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has become a long term agenda. Influential personalities from past military regiments still play a role in the more democratic government of today. Adults who were born during military rule would have a hard time adapting to a democratic run government due to the fact that their morals, views, and ideologies have been formed on military rule. Some citizens view the military as men of "discipline and responsibility". Most believe that military rule was responsible for the development of today's infrastructure. The military structure although heavily criticized for human rights atrocities, and practices of corruption did accomplish some positive initiatives.
NAME: ATTAH BLESSING NGOZI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONS/POLITICAL SCIENCE
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: 126
REG NO: 17109597
LEVEL: 100
SEMESTER: SECOND SEMESTER
GROUP A: NO 9
QUESTION
MENTION AND EXPLAIN TO REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS
ANSWER
1. Personal Ambition of Soldiers to Rule: This simply means that political offices in Nigeria have become the quickest way of making wealth and respect. This actually make soldiers to join politics in order to satisfy their desire.
2. Embezzlement of Government Funds: Most ministers and governmental bodies embezzle and divert public funds to private account abroad, thereby leaving and abandoning the projects this money was meant for public officers. Military use it as excuse to get involved in politics.
3. Protection: The army is excepted to provide and construct plans for the effective protection of citizens from the external threats and correct any act of injustice.
4. Absence of Free and Fair Elections: Nigeria have always been involved in electoral malpractices. Such as rigging of elections, violence etc those defeated will not always accept defeat. This has led to series of protest and civil distrabance, breakdown of law and order.
5. Foreign Influence: Some multinational companies sponsor coups to remove any government that does not protect its business interest or dance to the tunes. For example Britian had a hand in the coup of Sukar Bukar Dimka that assassinated murtala mohammed on Friday 13th February 1976.
6. Desire to Stay in Power for a Long Time: Some military leaders desire to stay in power for a long time, by shifting hand over dates have led to coup attempts for over-thrownment of the government. For example, general Yakubu Gownon’s announcement that 1976 date which he initially gave as hand over date to civilian government was no longer realizable.
7. Corruption and Political development: Military interventions during the cold war, was because of political crisis in a country, because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups.
8. Resources and Power: The military has the greater chances of military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country.
9. Religious and ethnic Problems: This happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra, it also happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organization are a threat to the democratic regime.
10. Regional Differences: Nigeria has some problems existing between some states. Nigeria tribes may carryout actions that will cause political instability in the country and increase the likelihood military coups.
NAME: EZE ESTHER CHINYEREM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL.SC/CRS
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
REG NO: 17109817
LEVEL: 100
SEMESTER: SECOND SEMESTER
GROUP A: NO 43
QUESTION
STATE THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND IT LEGITIMACY OF GENERAL YAKUBU GOWON
ANSWER
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966. For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not receive any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
Nigeria was under military rule from 1966-1999. Usually military rule is only a short term initiative and it is used to only stabilize governments until democratic processes are put into order. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has become a long term agenda. Influential personalities from past military regiments still play a role in the more democratic government of today. Adults who were born during military rule would have a hard time adapting to a democratic run government due to the fact that their morals, views, and ideologies have been formed on military rule. Some citizens view the military as men of "discipline and responsibility". Most believe that military rule was responsible for the development of today's infrastructure. The military structure although heavily criticized for human rights atrocities, and practices of corruption did accomplish some positive initiatives. So why change from a military to a more democratic structure of governance?
Researchers argue that a military style of government of the past could affect a democratic government of the present in many ways. The norms and morals of past military officials in politics seem to transfer to officials of a democratic run government.
LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
The military is not by nature a congenial partner with democracy. It is an authoritarian regime that cannot tolerate the individual freedom and civil liberties of democracy.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
The Constitution is the ultimate standard of legitimacy for military officers. They must not only understand the Constitution, but upon commissioning take an oath to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. The military government promotes human rights, and the rule of law in emerging democracies requires leadership that understands the importance of civil-military relations to military legitimacy. Leadership must be provided in military environments, which necessitates balancing the requirements of war fighting with a professional style that promotes civil-military relations.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
NAME: EZE AMARACHI MODESTY
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109122
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 91
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present process of military disengagement underway in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the country’s post-colonial experience. The first ended in 1979 with the election to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. After four years of civilian rule, his National party Of Nigeria was re-elected to Office but almost immediately overthrown in a Coup led by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Twenty months later Buhari was himself deposed by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as head of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida immediately moved to establish a military position of principle vis-a-vis the civilian populace. Less than a week after his intervention Babangida affirmed the regime's recognition that government needed the consent of the people in order to reach its objectives. There was talk in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had acknowledged the existence of a social contract in civil-military relations and responsibilities. The regime moved quickly to redress the country’s economic malaise and to formalize its commitment to the process of military disengagement. Its first priority was, however, to achieve economic stability and specific economic problems were identified.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
i. A decrease in domestic production accompanied by a continued increase in population;
ii. A dependence on imports for both consumer goods and raw materials for industry;
iii. A grossly unequal gap between the rich and poor; and
iv. The large role played by the public sector in economic activities with hardly any concrete results to justify such a role, an allusion to the failure of parastatals these four factors set the stage for subsequent government action regarding the economy with policies that became integral to the process of military disengagement.
By 1985 GDP growth had slowed down to an annual increase of one per Cent. During the petroleum boom of the 1970s annual GDP growth rates Of 10 per cent had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was double-digit inflation, a foreign debt of $20.2 billion, climbing to $33.36 billion in October 1991, increased unemployment and a pressing need for a structural adjustment programme.
NAME: AGBO JENEVIVE CHINENYE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109415
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 125
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 70
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
ANSWER
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
MILITARY LEGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the harmony amongst might and right. It is a relative idea that varies in the midst of war and peace. In wartime, national survival is principal with annihilation of the foe by overpowering military power a definitive trial of military authenticity. In peacetime the authenticity of military tasks is administered by lawful and moral guidelines and qualities
On peacetime military activities—those tasks other than war, for example, counterinsurgency, security tasks and country building. Battle is frequently an indispensable piece of peacetime military tasks, particularly in the beginning times, yet key achievement is more reliant after accomplishing political goals than military destinations, and prevalent military power is never a substitute for the absence of authenticity.
Military authenticity depends on open view of military tasks, with the goal that it is an impression of common military relations. Abroad religious and social clashes are the most evident dangers to the authenticity of US military powers, while in the US common military issues are more unobtrusive yet all things considered genuine. That is on account of the US military is a dictator administration inside a majority rule society, and its collective qualities, for example, ideas of obligation and faithfulness to the military mission—speak to a potential danger to libertarian regular citizen esteems. What's more, on the grounds that the military controls the country's most coercive forces, there is the risk that a confined military and clashing military and regular citizen esteems could undermine common military relations and debilitate the authenticity of the US military.
NAME: ONYIA TECHLA IFESINACHI
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109134
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
GROUP: D
NUMBER: 144
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA.
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established reality that the order structure of the military gives no space to exchange, transaction, discretion and placation. The nonappearance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with prompt impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, injure and pass on or make due all the while. In the present allotment, the President hosted charged the individuals from his gathering to see the race as a 'do or kick the bucket issue'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and distortion of majority rule government.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering wonder where disagree is an abomination. A nonconformist is speedily kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a main reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved on the grounds that he composed a piece that was tacky to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military restricted the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous writers endured mortification as refered to above. This arguments were imitated in 2007 of every a vote based system along these lines; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency lengthening (Obasanjo needed the parliament to favor a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the civil argument live, along these lines startling way the individuals who might have wrangled for the prolongation. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT columnists and ceased and demolished the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency lengthening'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting sent by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the popularity based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as a system to scare political adversaries to toe a similar part with the official. Denunciation had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the prosecutions in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an organization isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its orders. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the law based field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), regulatory board report and journal and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether pronounced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural anomaly) by the courts.
At last the lead of popularity based races in Nigeria bore a characteristic of fighting and occasions in a battalion state. Amid races military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over, their sights caused fear in the common people. Furthermore, universal fringes are constantly shut. Impressive logical inconsistencies denoted the readiness and execution of the races as a few hopefuls' names were/would not be incorporated into the poll papers.
NAME: OGILI CYNTHIA ODINAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPT.: POL.SC/ENG
REG. NO: 17109284
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
NUMBER: 132
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
Impact of military rule in development of democracy in Nigeria
Militarization of Vocabulary of Engagement
It is a known fact that the command structure of the military gives no room to dialogue, negotiation, arbitration and conciliation. The absence of this in social discourse brought to the fore the principles of ‘with immediate effect’ in the conduct of social engagement. Today, Nigerians employ the concept of ‘with immediate effect’ in social discourse. The military were trained to war, maim and die or survive in the process. In the current dispensation, the President had enjoined the members of his party to regard the election as a ‘do or die affair’. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and aberration of democracy.
Freedom of Expression
The military governance is a one party phenomenon where dissent is an anathema. A dissenter is promptly detained. ‘Miniere Amakiri’ a chief correspondent of a Nigerian Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved just because he wrote a piece that was distasteful to the former Governor of Rivers State ‘Alfred Diete Spiff’, in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military proscribed the ‘New breed Magazine’ and many journalists suffered humiliation as cited above. This dialectics were replicated in 2007in a democracy thus; in 2006 May 14, during the debate for the tenure elongation (Obasanjo wanted the parliament to approve a 3rd term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) aired the debate live, thereby scaring way those who would have debated in favor of the elongation. The State Security Service (SSS) assaulted the AIT reporters and stopped and destroyed the master tape of a documentary entitled ‘a tenure elongation’.
Political Intimidation
Intimidation is a weapon of warfare deployed by the military to psyche the enemy. It is a psychological approach to warfare. This has been extrapolated into the democratic milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as a mechanism to intimidate political opponents to toe the same part with the executive. Impeachment had been used as an instrument of intimidation. This had been successfully employed in the impeachments in’ Oyo’, ‘Plateau and Anambra’ states respectively.
Unicameralism
The military as an institution is not disposed to another center of order or dissention. It has no pedigree to tolerate ‘opposition’ or dissention of view on its directives. This has been imprinted in the psyche of Nigerians and practiced in the democratic arena. This was manifested during the infamous moves towards the third term of governance. Any person perceived as a stumbling block was intimidated with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC),administrative panel report and gazette and the declaration of the office of the vice President vacant, which processes were all declared as constituting ‘functus officio’(procedural irregularity) by the courts. Finally the conduct of democratic elections in Nigeria bore a mark of warfare and events in a garrison state. During elections military men are made battle ready, policemen are seen every-where, their sights engendered fear in the civil populace. Secondly, international borders are always closed. Considerable contradictions marked the preparation and execution of the elections as some candidates’ names were/would not be included in the ballot papers.
NAME: ODOABUCHI EMMANUEL IFEANYI
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109344
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 127
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present procedure of military withdrawal in progress in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the nation's post-pilgrim encounter. The main finished in 1979 with the race to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of non military personnel manage, his National gathering Of Nigeria was re-chosen to Office yet very quickly ousted in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. After twenty months Buhari was himself dismissed by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as leader of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida promptly moved to set up a military position of rule opposite the regular citizen people. Not as much as seven days after his intercession Babangida insisted the administration's acknowledgment that legislature required the assent of the general population with a specific end goal to achieve its targets. There was discussion in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had recognized the presence of a social contract in common military relations and obligations. The administration moved rapidly to review the nation's financial disquietude and to formalize its responsibility regarding the procedure of military separation. Its first need was, nonetheless, to accomplish monetary solidness and particular financial issues were distinguished.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
i. A diminish in household generation joined by a proceeded with increment in populace;
ii. A reliance on imports for both purchaser merchandise and crude materials for industry;
iii. A horribly unequal hole between the rich and poor; and
iv. The huge pretended by the general population segment in monetary exercises with barely any solid outcomes to legitimize such a part, a mention to the disappointment of parastatals these four variables set the phase for ensuing government activity in regards to the economy with approaches that ended up fundamental to the procedure of military separation.
By 1985 GDP development had backed off to a yearly increment of one for every Cent. Amid the oil blast of the 1970s yearly GDP development rates Of 10 for every penny had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was twofold digit expansion, a remote obligation of $20.2 billion, moving to $33.36 billion in October 1991, expanded joblessness and a squeezing requirement for an auxiliary change program.
Name: Okpe Uchechukwu .A
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/CRS
GROUP: B
Serial No: 61
Reg. No: 17109184
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
For the past 16 years, Nigeria has transformed from military rule to a democratic structure of government. Even though the governmental constitution of 1999 promised Nigerian citizens a more democratically run government that would allow the citizens to play a role in political manners; Unfortunately, Nigerian governmental officials have not abide by the principles of the new constitutional structure and still operate in a "militant style fashion". Nigeria gained its independence in 1960 from British rule . At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966.
For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Military recruitment would also increase from 10,000 to 250,000 civilians in Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not received any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption. Many issues continue to arise around Nigeria and when one issue was addressed by the military government, other issues would arise. Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
NAME: UGWU, JOY OLUCHI
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109826
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 152
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't masterminded to another point of convergence of demand or dissention. It has no family to persist 'protection' or dissention of view on its requests. This has been engraved in the brain of Nigerians and sharpened in the vote based field. This was appeared in the midst of the infamous moves towards the third term of organization. Any individual saw as a deterrent was terrified with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), legitimate board report and periodical and the confirmation of the work environment of the VP purge, which frames were out and out announced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural anomaly) by the courts.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military organization is a one social occasion ponder where negate is a detestation. A free thinker is in a split second kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal correspondent of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he formed a piece that was hostile to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military confined the 'New breed Magazine' and various feature writers persevered through shame as refered to above. This contentions were rehashed in 2007 out of a well known government thusly; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the open consultation for the residency augmentation (Obasanjo required the parliament to support a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) circled the open consideration live, along these lines startling way the people who may have wrangled for the extending.
3. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is an entrenched fact that the charge structure of the military gives no space to trade, course of action, circumspection and pacification. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the models of 'with provoke affect in the direct of social responsibility. Today, Nigerians use the possibility of 'with brisk effect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, deform and pass on or make due at the same time. In the present organization, the President facilitated requested the people from his social gathering to see the race as a 'do or kick the pail undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and deviation of dominant part runs framework.
4. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of battling sent by the military to mind the foe. It is a psychological method to manage battling. This has been extrapolated into the greater part govern milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as an instrument to undermine political adversaries to toe a comparative part with the authority. Arraignment had been used as an instrument of threatening. This had been successfully used in the arraignments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states separately.
Furthermore, overall edges are continually closed. Great irregularities meant the availability and execution of the choices as a couple of contenders' names were/would not be joined into the vote papers. This was a further undertaking to pull back the simply space. It has any kind of effect little whether an ex-military officer is the President or not. The characteristics were discovered by all from the military and would reliably be rehashed in the vote based field thusly the title of the paper.
NAME: ODO ADOLPHUS, AZUBIKE
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SCI/ ENGLISH
REG NO: 17109586
GROUP: C
NO: 125
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
IN SUMMARY
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finger’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
The third perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
MAJOR PROBLEMS NIGERIA WILL 'CARRY OVER' INTO 2017
• Recession. ...
• Boko Haram. ...
• Niger Delta Militancy. ...
• Kidnapping. ...
• High-Profile Corruption Cases. ...
• Babachir/Magu imbroglio:
CONCLUSION
The disengagement problem: i.e. how to persuade military and security establishments to accept military retreat from power on a long-term and unconditional basis. This problem is not as intractable as it might seem at first, since neither military regimes nor the armed forces are as monolithic as they first appear, especially where they have been weakened by developmental failure or political crises.
The analysis of Abdulsalami Abubarka’s transition program above has shown that it has fulfilled almost all of theoretical conditions stated in this work, as such, we could expect less military intervention in the nearest future, however, the potentials of popular force in a counter hegemony against the military was also applied to this case.
One must also note that the Nigerian army on its part has introduced a program of political education, operation service alert (OSA), basically aimed at teaching national awareness and inculcating the soldiers the ethics of military professionalism.
NAME: EZENWA JOHN E.
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109969
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 103
QUESTION:
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
MEANING
The activity or procedure of pulling back from inclusion in a movement, circumstance, or gathering.
INTRODUCTION
Military separation from legislative issues isn't a dichotomous case in light of the hazy limits amongst military and non military personnel lead in politic. In this manner, there is a range of military withdrawal from legislative issues. The distinctive kinds of military administrations that the military makes once in control make, with respect the terms of the level and scope of mediation, its outcomes on financial and social advancement, and the part of the military in national safeguard, makes it much more confused. The choice of the military to pull back from legislative issues isn't as basic process as it is normal in view of the communications of numerous factors engaged with the procedure which make distinctive standards that the military administration may take after to surrender power or offer it with regular folks.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS CAN LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:
SOCIAL INJUSTICE: The focal postulation is that the military commitment separation nexus is profoundly established in the emergency of social equity in Nigeria. The military has interceded and separated from Nigerian governmental issues in the past in view of the failure of Nigeria's fringe entrepreneur framework to address the issues and goals of the Nigerian masses. The issues which are installed in the fringe industrialist framework have incited the military to mediate in the political field, yet its powerlessness to tackle these issues has then constrained it to pull back. In particular, with regards to the present withdrawal process, we contend that the procedure is bound to come up short: the military will re-mediate in Nigeria's legislative issues after a non military personnel government is chosen in 1993. This is clarified by the way that amid the present time of separation the key issues of financial equity have not been tended to.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: The issue of political unsteadiness in Nigeria stays unsolved. We infer that to accomplish political dependability in Nigeria it will be important to take care of specific issues which are established in Nigeria's fringe entrepreneur framework - destitution, malnourishment, and differences in wage and riches among others. To put it plainly, regardless of whether the new regular citizen government in 1993 is controlled by individuals of honesty, the issue of political insecurity won't be tackled until the point that the power pivots back the activists.
INFRINGEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military separation for regular citizen lead is if a critical bit of the people grow such solid hostile to military and hostile to war slants that they begin to debilitate the military's capacity to guard the privilege of these hostile to military and hostile to war people as they will undermine the military's capacity to ensure them against less flexibility adoring powers.
In most pessimistic scenario the common masses can really make their military fizzle when it would not have generally flopped in it's undertaking to secure their sway and lifestyle, bringing about occupation and evacuation of rights, for example, feedback of the military which for this situation is not any more a power endeavoring to ensure the opportunities yet an involving power conceivably not interested in the lives of their adversaries whom they'll demand are fear mongers.
All these and more are the results of the aggressor leaving power for the regular folks. Be that as it may, in spite of all these, the issues can be called to arrange if the military government is called to control once more.
NAME: OBETTA PERPETUA CHEKWUBE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109169
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/CRS
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 125
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 54
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LETGITMACY
ANSWER
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
MILITARY LAGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the congruity among might and right. It is a relative thought that differs amidst war and peace. In wartime, national survival is primary with obliteration of the adversary by overwhelming military power a conclusive trial of military credibility. In peacetime the legitimacy of military assignments is regulated by legitimate and moral rules and characteristics
On peacetime military exercises—those undertakings other than war, for instance, counterinsurgency, security assignments and nation building. Fight is every now and again a fundamental bit of peacetime military undertakings, especially in the first place times, yet key accomplishment is more dependent in the wake of achieving political objectives than military goals, and common military power is never a substitute for the nonattendance of legitimacy.
Military realness relies upon open perspective of military undertakings, with the objective that it is an impression of regular military relations. Abroad religious and social conflicts are the most obvious perils to the genuineness of US military forces, while in the US basic military issues are more unpretentious yet everything thought about honest to goodness. That is by virtue of the US military is a despot organization inside a larger part manage society, and its aggregate characteristics, for instance, thoughts of commitment and dependability to the military mission—address a potential peril to libertarian normal native regards. Also, in light of the fact that the military controls the nation's most coercive powers, there is the hazard that a bound military and conflicting military and standard subject regards could undermine basic military relations and weaken the genuineness of the US military.
EDEH OLUCHI
ReplyDelete17109671
38
GROUP B
QUESTION: State the structure of military government and its legitimacy
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
ABSENCE OF ELECTION:
In military administration the officials are not elected as in the democratic system of government. Therefore, they are not elected as such and are not representative of the people. This means that in military rule, there is no existence of political parties. In military rule, the people are not properly represented unlike the civilian rule where electorate elects their leader through election process.
TRIAL OF CIVILIAN OFFICIALS:
When army comes into power through military coup d’état, one of its duties is to try the former politicians or former leaders especially the corrupt government officials. The aim of these trials is for the military to recover every looted fund from corrupt politicians. Those who are found guilty of abuse of human right may be sentenced to prison for a duration of time.
ABUSE OF HUMAN RIGHT:
The abuse of human natural right is common with military regime. Brutality, torture and abuse of rights are one of the characteristics of military rule. The army is known by use of force and operation obey the last order, to handle the civilian population.
SUSPENSION OF THE CONSTITUTION:
Military government rules by decrees instead of following the constitutional order. Meanwhile, military administration is characterized by absence of rule of law, equality before the law and fundamental human rights. During military regime the constitution of the country will be under halt, the army takes over the administration of the country and governs with might and decree.
COUPS AND COUNTER COUPS:
Military rule is contagious in nature. This is because if colonels in one country stage a coup in order to seize political power, colonels in another country may be aspired also to carry out their own coups.
Coup simply means the overthrow of incumbent government by the military. Coup and counter coups are common Africa region. The most recent coup that happened in Africa is the overthrown of Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, by the military. Though the army denied it was coup, but in all real sense it was a coup because they succeeded in removing the sitting president.
DICTATORSHIP:
In military administration or government, all rules and decisions are dictated to the people. All the administrations are done by decrees; military government is undemocratic in nature. Military rule give rise to dictatorship because of excess power wielded by military governors or heads of state.
ANIEKWE CHINECHEREM CHARITY
ReplyDelete17109637
30
GROUP B
A military dictatorship is a form of government where the political power remains within themilitary where a state or country is ruled directly by the military. Different military regimescan be distinguished by the place the military hold in the decision making structure of thecountry or by the power that they handle
. Discipline People are more disciplined during the military rule. One of the reasons for that is the new institution of punishment! It may include punishment by death for any criminal activity. One of the greatest examples was the War Against Indiscipline implemented during the rule of General Buhari. Read more: https://www.naija.ng/1133428-advantages-military-rule-nigeria.html#1133428
Control of Corruption Military rulers cannot exactly be described as saints, they can also be involved in corrupt activities, however, they have a great role to play in clamping down on corruption. Corruption was not so widely spread during the military era. 3. Respect for Authority This respect is always born out of the fear of punishments. You will not find a lot of peaceful demonstrations against authorities during the military rule; therefore, it is hardly possible that any peaceful solution can be achieved during the military rule. Read more: https://www.naija.ng/1133428-advantages-military-rule-nigeria.html#1133428
. Respect for Military Service Military men can get a lot of attention during the military rule, therefore, the most respected and the most popular professions during the military rule are connected with the military service. Authority and power come only with military ranks under this rule. 5. Structure During the military rule, the structure is very simple and the highest military rank officer usually gets the highest position in the state. Therefore, the distribution of power is controlled by military ranks. The higher your military rank, the more power you have. 6. Army Military rule provides the best benefits for members of the Army. The Army can provide the best protection for the military law. Only military forces can guarantee the enforcement of military rule, however, it can be overthrown by people. Read more: https://www.naija.ng/1133428-advantages-military-rule-nigeria.html#1133428
Military Justice Military justice can be cruel but it can also be very swift. You can rely on swift justice if you serve under the military rule. Nonetheless, nobody is guaranteed to get the exact kind of justice you are looking for. 8. Market Prices Market prices can be very strict during the military rule, it can also provide some kind of stability for the people. Nonetheless, the real market prices can be really high. The military rule can damage the quality of goods and services available for people. 9. Strong Leadership Every military ruler is a strong leader. It is usually people with charismatic personalities that can obtain this position in the society; that way, the leaders usually remain unchallenged. Read more: https://www.naija.ng/1133428-advantages-military-rule-nigeria.html#1133428
Name: Amadi Queen Chika
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Ecos/ Pol.sc
GROUP: A
Serial No: 4
Reg. No: 17101069
MENTION AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS
What is military intervention?
Totalitarian and democratic regimes have a common problem, which is the possibility of military intervention. Military forces usually decided who gets what during a coup d’état, and so many cases of military interventions have been witnessed and discussed under history and political studies. Students of various universities also focus on the individual and general cases of military interventions in politics.
Ten reasons for military intervention in politics
The Nigerian military has registered their unequivocal and unquestionable presence in the political atmosphere of the Nigerian state. Since the time of independence in 1960, the military have held on to power for a record of 29 years. { Reasons For Military Intervention In Nigerian Politics }.
1966 was the first military intervention in Nigerian politics and the grip on power lasted till 1979. In 1983, the military again truncated the Nigerian civilian rule and ruled again till 1999. All of these totaled 29 years of military rule in Nigeria. The Nigerian people have always criticized the military for their unruly and unannounced presence in the Nigerian politics. However, there is no military intervention except that they would cite reasons for such break in democratic rule.
For this reason, we have researched and investigated the many reasons for military intervention in politics and presented it here for information sake.
1. Socio-Economic Development
According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
2. Corruption and Political Development
Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups. Nigeria is still one of the most corrupt countries in the world, therefore, it will not be a surprise if the weak, corrupted politicians surrender the country to military rule. Without a strong political leader, Nigeria may fall into another military coup. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a stable economy and political atmosphere to protect the country! Military intervention in Nigerian government may only occur under weak politicians.
3. The Centrality of the Military
This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
NAME: ONYISHI OLUCHI MARYANN
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109295
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 146
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
ANSWER
1. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military association is a one social event consider where invalidate is a hatred. An intellectual is in a brief instant kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central journalist of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he shaped a piece that was threatening to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military kept the 'New breed Magazine' and different component authors drove forward through disgrace as refered to above. This disputes were reiterated in 2007 out of an outstanding government in this manner; in 2006 May 14, amidst the open counsel for the residency increase (Obasanjo required the parliament to help a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) surrounded the open thought live, thusly startling way the general population who may have wrangled for the broadening.
2. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting sent by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental technique to oversee fighting. This has been extrapolated into the larger part represent milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as an instrument to undermine political foes to toe a relative part with the expert. Arraignment had been utilized as an instrument of debilitating. This had been effectively utilized as a part of the arraignments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states independently.
3. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't planned to another purpose of joining of interest or dissention. It has no family to persevere 'assurance' or dissention of view on its solicitations. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the vote based field. This was showed up amidst the scandalous moves towards the third term of association. Any individual saw as an impediment was startled with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), real board report and periodical and the affirmation of the workplace of the VP cleanse, which outlines were unmitigated declared as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural inconsistency) by the courts.
4. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a dug in truth that the charge structure of the military gives no space to exchange, game-plan, meticulousness and appeasement. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the models of 'with incite influence in the direct of social duty. Today, Nigerians utilize the likelihood of 'with energetic impact' in social talk. The military were set up to war, distort and pass on or make due in the meantime. In the present association, the President encouraged asked for the general population from his get-together to see the race as a 'do or kick the bucket undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and deviation of overwhelming part runs system.
Besides, general edges are constantly shut. Extraordinary abnormalities implied the accessibility and execution of the decisions as two or three contenders' names were/would not be joined into the vote papers. This was a further endeavor to pull back the essentially space. It has any sort of impact little whether an ex-military officer is the President or not. The attributes were found by all from the military and would dependably be reiterated in the vote based field in this manner the title of the paper.
NAME: ONYISHI DORISH CHINECHEREM
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109669
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 145
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
ANSWER
1. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military affiliation is a one get-together consider where discredit is a scorn. A scholarly is in a concise moment kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal writer of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he formed a piece that was debilitating to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military kept the 'New breed Magazine' and diverse segment creators drove forward through disfavor as refered to above. This debate were repeated in 2007 out of a remarkable government in this way; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the open guidance for the residency increment (Obasanjo required the parliament to help a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) encompassed the open idea live, in this way startling way the overall public who may have wrangled for the expanding.
2. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of battling sent by the military to mind the enemy. It is a psychological method to direct battling. This has been extrapolated into the bigger part speak to milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as an instrument to undermine political enemies to toe a relative part with the master. Arraignment had been used as an instrument of crippling. This had been successfully used as a piece of the arraignments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states freely.
3. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't wanted to another motivation behind joining of intrigue or dissention. It has no family to drive forward 'affirmation' or dissention of view on its requesting. This has been engraved in the psyche of Nigerians and sharpened in the vote based field. This was appeared in the midst of the shameful moves towards the third term of affiliation. Any individual saw as an obstacle was startled with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), genuine board report and periodical and the confirmation of the working environment of the VP purify, which diagrams were unmitigated proclaimed as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural irregularity) by the courts.
4. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a dove in truth that the charge structure of the military gives no space to trade, approach, carefulness and submission. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the models of 'with affect impact in the direct of social obligation. Today, Nigerians use the probability of 'with lively effect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, twist and pass on or make due meanwhile. In the present affiliation, the President energized requested the all inclusive community from his party to see the race as a 'do or kick the container undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and deviation of overpowering part runs framework.
Additionally, general edges are continually closed. Phenomenal variations from the norm inferred the openness and execution of the choices as a few contenders' names were/would not be joined into the vote papers. This was a further undertaking to pull back the basically space. It has any kind of effect little whether an ex-military officer is the President or not. The traits were found by all from the military and would reliably be repeated in the vote based field in this way the title of the paper.
NAME: CHUKWUMA EBUBE FAITH
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109408
DEPT: POL/CRS
GROUP: A
NUMBER: 41
MENTION AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
Explaining military interventions is not an easy task, because they are results of a complex mix of historical, political, economic, personal, military, social, ethnic, and cultural factors. Although some authors argue that military interventions are random phenomena unrelated to the structural characteristics of societies and international settings (McGovan and others, 1984), many structural theories see the causal relations to explain military interventions in politics. Different approaches can be brought together in several categories: (1) socio-economic development, (2) political development, (3) the centrality of military, (4) conflict, and (5) regional differences.
Socio-Economic Development
One of the most common arguments relates the propensity of military intervention with socio-economic development. Finer (1988) argues that the density of military interventions is more likely to decrease with increased socio-economic development status. Nations with high socio-economic situations have higher urbanization, industrialization and literacy level, and so have increased mass participation into the social activities (Putnam, 1967). In other words, it increases the number of potential political actors and diffuses increased political resources to these actors who would be willing and able to sustain civilian institutions. On the other hand, the industrialization diminishes the propensity for military interventions since the increased socio-economic complexity puts public administration beyond the skills of armed forces.
Gorman (1967) states that military interventions generally take place in countries of lower income status. According to economic dependency arguments, economically out-dependent countries that are not self-sufficient have more coups where there is sometimes very violent internal competition for very limited internal sources. Likewise, Jenkins and Kposowa (1990) argue that foreign debt problems contribute to coup.
Political Development
The other set of variables that explains military interventions, although related but distinct from social and economic development in a certain extent, can be grouped under the heading of political development. Strong civilian governmental and political institutions, democratic values, and so forth can be indicators of political development level.
The modernization process created upward social mobilization, but in some countries political development has lagged behind creating a participation crisis that encourages military interventions. The political development arguments attempt to underline the issue weak political institutions and a participation overload (Jenkins and Kposowa, 1992). Huntington’s (1977) theory of political development and decay stresses the importance of institutionalization of political organizations and procedures. Political decay, of which a significant symptom of military intervention, arises out of an imbalance between social mobilization and political institutionalization.
The Centrality of Military
For the centrality of the military approach, the greater the resources and the cohesion of the military, the greater the likelihood of interventions are (Mayer and Burnett, 1977).
The ethnic and other sectional rivalries among militaries may result in military interventions, which are mostly related with structure of society. Internal conflict is often associated with linguistic and ethnic heterogeneity. Kurian (1991) states that many governments are striving to create nations from heterogeneous populations are finding the task difficult because of collective action problem. Morrison and Stevenson (1972) argue that the greater the number and cultural diversity of the groups, the greater the elite instability is.
NAME: EKEH FAITH BLESSING
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109713
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 86
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present procedure of military withdrawal in progress in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the nation's post-pioneer understanding. The primary finished in 1979 with the decision to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of regular citizen govern, his National gathering Of Nigeria was re-chosen to Office however very quickly ousted in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. After twenty months Buhari was himself dismissed by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as leader of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida instantly moved to set up a military position of guideline opposite the regular citizen masses. Not as much as seven days after his mediation Babangida attested the administration's acknowledgment that legislature required the assent of the general population with a specific end goal to achieve its targets. There was discussion in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had recognized the presence of a social contract in common military relations and duties. The administration moved rapidly to change the nation's monetary discomfort and to formalize its sense of duty regarding the procedure of military withdrawal. Its first need was, in any case, to accomplish financial strength and particular monetary issues were distinguished.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
1. A diminish in household generation joined by a proceeded with increment in populace;
2. A reliance on imports for both customer merchandise and crude materials for industry;
3. A horribly unequal hole between the rich and poor; and
4. The substantial pretended by people in general segment in monetary exercises with barely any solid outcomes to legitimize such a part, a mention to the disappointment of parastatals these four elements set the phase for ensuing government activity in regards to the economy with strategies that ended up fundamental to the procedure of military separation.
By 1985 GDP development had backed off to a yearly increment of one for every Cent. Amid the oil blast of the 1970s yearly GDP development rates Of 10 for each penny had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was twofold digit swelling, a remote obligation of $20.2 billion, moving to $33.36 billion in October 1991, expanded joblessness and a squeezing requirement for an auxiliary change program.
NAME: OWUSI LUCY UCHECHUKWU
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109168
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 147
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established reality that the order structure of the military gives no space to exchange, transaction, discretion and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with prompt impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, injure and kick the bucket or make due all the while. In the present administration, the President hosted ordered the individuals from his get-together to see the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket issue'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and variation of majority rules system.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where contradict is an abomination. A nonconformist is instantly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central journalist of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the fact that he composed a piece that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military restricted the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured embarrassment as refered to above. This arguments were reproduced in 2007 out of a majority rule government consequently; in 2006 May 14, amid the verbal confrontation for the residency stretching (Obasanjo needed the parliament to support a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the open deliberation live, along these lines startling way the individuals who might have wrangled for the prolongation. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT columnists and halted and crushed the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency lengthening'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting conveyed by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the vote based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as an instrument to scare political rivals to toe a similar part with the official. Prosecution had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the denunciations in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'restriction' or dissention of view on its orders. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the majority rule field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was threatened with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), regulatory board report and newspaper and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether pronounced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural inconsistency) by the courts.
At long last the lead of majority rule races in Nigeria bore a characteristic of fighting and occasions in a battalion state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over, their sights induced dread in the common people. Furthermore, universal fringes are constantly shut. Extensive logical inconsistencies denoted the arrangement and execution of the decisions as a few competitors' names were/would not be incorporated into the poll papers.
Name: Okereke Miracle Nkechinyere
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Igbo
GROUP: D
Serial No: 174
Reg. No: 171010000
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
Consequent upon the long years of military governance, the obvious outcome would be militarized political culture, manifested in the political behaviors of the dramatis personae in the democratic arena. The Nigerian civic culture was eroded and militarized culture imbibed. Thus, the rule of operation became that of order, combat rather than dialogue, disregard of court orders and violation of human rights became the tenets of militarized civic culture in a democratic dispensation. These values and norms are unknown to democracy. Democratic values include; spiritual or moral principles, ideals or qualities of life that people favor for their own sake. Democracy is rooted in several key values, or norms. These values supply democracy’s moral content and give its institutions and procedures their normative purpose, as Sodaro (2008) said, these include; freedom, inclusion, equality, equity, welfare, negotiation and compromise. of militarism and the vicious circle it generates, a diagram is presented below for proper understanding of the immobilization in the Nigerian state as a result of considerable military culture imbibed.
The Nigerian social system in which the military is at the level of supplantment or governance. Due to consistent rule, its ethos permeates the society, and many people internalized the military ways of conducting businesses, in military vocabulary etc. The militarization of the social forces, led eventually to the economic underdevelopment because the military were not trained for governance in several respects.
i) Militarisation of Vocabulary of Engagement
It is a known fact that the command structure of the military gives no room to dialogue, negotiation, arbitration and conciliation. The absence of this in social discourse brought to the fore the principles of ‘with immediate effect’ in the conduct of social engagement.
ii) Freedom of Expression
The military governance is a one party phenomenon where dissent is an anathema. A dissenter is promptly detained.
iii) Political Intimidation
Intimidation is a weapon of warfare deployed by the military to psyche the enemy. It is a psychological approach to warfare. This has been extrapolated into the democratic milieu.
iv) Uni-cameralism The military as an institution is not disposed to another center of order or dissention. It has no pedigree to tolerate ‘opposition’ or dissention of view on its directives.
NAME: ATTAH EMMANUEL EJIKE
ReplyDeleteREG.NO: 17109636
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/CRS
GROUP: A
NUMBER: 39
QUESTION: WRITE AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS.
1. FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT: According to this hypothesis, a military mediation can occur because of doubt in the financial improvement of the nation. Socially and financially stable nations are less inclined to military overthrows.
2. DEFILEMENT AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Another awesome purpose behind military Intervention in legislative issues is political emergency in a nation; like on account of military mediations amid the Cold War in light of the fact that the socialist administrations fizzled against private enterprise and popular government.
3. CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY: This hypothesis gives the more noteworthy the assets and power the military has, the more noteworthy the odds of a military upset. A frail regular citizen foundation may incite solid military powers to assume control in the nation, this is the reason the activities of military powers ought to be checked!
4. CLASHES IN VIEW OF ISSUES IN THE GENERAL PUBLIC: These contentions may incorporate religious and ethnic issues; this occurred in Nigeria amid the primary ascent of Biafra. In any case, it can at present occur as Boko Haram and other fear based op pressor associations are a danger to the majority rule administration.
5. TERRITORIAL DIFFERENCES: Regional contrasts are constantly given as the motivation to military intercession in the political undertakings of Latin America. Nigeria additionally has a few issues existing between a few states.
6. THE ASPIRATION OF THE MILITARY TO HOLD INFLUENCE OF ENERGY:
Right off the bat, the exorbitant desire of the military to hold influence of energy was the central point for military reign in Nigeria's political climate. This is an undeniable certainty.
In 1966 for example, the primary rebellion of January was planned by major Kaduna Nzeogwu. Nzeogwu and his accomplices were progressive disapproved of officers who had the expectation to accomplish the initiative position of the nation and divert its course of development.
7. POLITICAL SHAKINESS: The military likewise observed the political precariousness of Nigeria as motivation to mediate at the different time they did. Genuinely, the commonwealth of the Nigerian state was warmed up at the different time upsets occurred. For example, preceding the January 1966 overthrow, the general population of the western locale were in mess.
8. DREAD OF NATIONAL BREAKING DOWN:
Another motivation behind why the military is associated with legislative issues is when there is a dread and high likelihood of national crumbling. This view is accentuated by the trust that military intervention in legislative issues is now and again an essential shrewdness since non military personnel governments are regularly described by debasement and unequipped for representing a nation and thus the nation is tormented by broad political, financial and social issue.
9. RESISTANCE OF HUMAN RIGHT AND CONSTITUTION:
Leite et al (2002) contends that a defended motivation behind why the military intercedes in legislative issues is to act in defense of human rights and furthermore the constitution. Along these lines it mediates in legislative issues just to stabilize the political framework by restoring the lead of law as can be noted by the ouster of Jammeh in Gambia by ECOWAS.
10. ABSENCE OF SYSTEMATIZED POLITICAL CULTURE:
Huntington (1995) is of the view that the military is well on the way to intercede in governmental issues especially in states lacking standardized political societies, which experience the ill effects of monetary hardship and social divisions. This school of thought has been related with the tree hugger see that the winning state's socio-political and monetary condition is in charge of military takeover inside society.
NAME: ONANWEZE BLESSING ONYINYE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109573
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 140
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
ANSWER
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a dug in reality that the charge structure of the military gives no space to exchange, strategy, carefulness and assuagement. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the models of 'with incite influence in the direct of social obligation. Today, Nigerians utilize the likelihood of 'with lively impact' in social talk. The military were set up to war, twist and pass on or make due in the meantime. In the present association, the President encouraged asked for the general population from his party to see the race as a 'do or kick the bucket undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and deviation of prevailing part runs structure.
2. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't planned to another purpose of merging of interest or dissention. It has no family to continue 'insurance' or dissention of view on its solicitations. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the vote based field. This was showed up amidst the notorious moves towards the third term of association. Any individual saw as an impediment was alarmed with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), true blue board report and periodical and the affirmation of the workplace of the VP cleanse, which outlines were outright declared as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural oddity) by the courts.
3. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military association is a one social event consider where discredit is a revulsion. An intellectual is in a brief moment kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he shaped a piece that was antagonistic to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military bound the 'New breed Magazine' and different element authors endured through disgrace as refered to above. This conflicts were reiterated in 2007 out of a notable government consequently; in 2006 May 14, amidst the open conference for the residency growth (Obasanjo required the parliament to help a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) circumnavigated the open thought live, thusly startling way the general population who may have wrangled for the expanding.
4. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of doing combating sent by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental technique to oversee engaging. This has been extrapolated into the larger part administer milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as an instrument to undermine political enemies to toe a relative part with the expert. Arraignment had been utilized as an instrument of undermining. This had been effectively utilized as a part of the arraignments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states independently.
Besides, general edges are constantly shut. Incredible inconsistencies implied the accessibility and execution of the decisions as two or three contenders' names were/would not be joined into the vote papers. This was a further endeavor to pull back the just space. It has any sort of impact little whether an ex-military officer is the President or not. The attributes were found by all from the military and would dependably be reiterated in the vote based field subsequently the title of the paper.
MALLO CHINECHEREM FELICITA
ReplyDelete171010031
GROUP D
42
QUESTION: Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
The military is a vital institution in the modern State system as the major factor that determines the capability and capacity of the State’s national power to make policies within the domestic and the international circles for the overall nation building and political development of States. The Nigeria military as a product of colonialism became a veritable institution imbued with the constitutional mandate to protect the territorial integrity of the country and as well maintain robust civil-military relations necessary for nation building in the post independent Nigeria. This expectation was greeted with much char grin and fiasco, when ethnicity which was implanted by the colonial imperialism as a Pandora box imploded the First Republic in the post independent Nigeria. When the political impasse and imbroglio became nauseating and ad nauseam attesting to the inability of the civil authority to address the nation building challenges confronting Nigeria in the incipient stage of her political independence; it became imperative and behoves on the prestigious military institution to rise to these nation building challenges forthwith. It was on the basis of this background and ambience that the military revolution of 15
th
January 1966 was staged to save the nation from drifting into political doldrums and abyss. This scenario offered the military the opportunity to impact and contribute to nation building and political development in Nigeria. The paper examines and analyses how far the military has contributed in addressing nation building challenges that have impacted in the overall political development of Nigeria. The paper also looks at how the military institution has assisted the civil authority in addressing nation building challenges in the Fourth Republictask of nation building from which the democratic political culture was envisaged and the foundation made. Indeed, some of the programmes were short-lived without any thing to offer in terms of pushing the nation towards the direction of developing an indigenous political culture, whereas others such as the military government of Olusegun Obasenjo, Ibrahim Bahangida and Abdusalam Abubakar actually did give the Nigerian people some direction. Indeed, it is pertinent to note that intermittent military involvement in governance had brought changes and disruptions on the path of democratic development. They made damages to the progress of the Nigerian Nation. Upon assumption of political office, the military had always presented themselves as the much awaited messiah. Based on the above, they go a long way to win the people’s mind and support. But very often this same military fall into the same crimes for which they sacked the civilian government. Military regimes are never democratic. However, even though their policies and programmes appear to be so, it is assumed that they appear so to seek legitimacy which they never had. For instance, the suspension of the constitution, and the promulgation of rush and hasty decrees are quite incompatible with democratic order. Again, under the military, the masses are always coerced instead of coaxed to obey rules or decrees. The military apply rule of men rather than rule of law. In most cases the press is not allowed to exercise freedom in practical terms, while carrying out their duties. The military discourage political education and scares the mass from political participation through the use of decrees and abuse of fundamental human rights, thereby denying the masses the opportunity to partake in resources allocation and values development in Nigeria. These vices were developed by the military in Nigerian politics and passed on to Nigerian political system as a tradition or value system, thereby affecting negatively Nigerian democratic culture
OMENLI ANNASTECIA CHINWENDU
ReplyDelete17109108
GROUP D
9
QUESTION: Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
Military coups in Africa have emerged on the continent only after the acquisition of political independence from a colonial rulers The following independent African countries have experienced a military coups and government more than one occasion - Algeria , Burundi and Congo~Braszaville, "Zaire, Central African Republic Gabon Ghana Lesotho, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra-Lonne, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Upper Voita, Zanzibar and Ethiopia - altogether twenty in all end this figure it must be remembered is exclusive of abortive or attempted coups. Obviouoly judging from the list of countries that have experienced the coup, the military coup has overtaken almost the whole of the African continent* With the success of cuoceee of a military coup, comes military government*To some people, military government means the erosion or abrogation of all democratic inatitutiions. To others and notably so the soldiers who Instigate military takeovers, military governnent its necessary in order that democracy, justice and fundamental human rights and freedoms nay be restored in tho countries where the military coup has taken place. Coup instigators usaully state after the success of the coup d'etn*? that they will be in power only for as long as it Is necessary to clear and rectify the political "messs" that has bean made by the deposed politicians. So with the two view points. In mind Ghana and Nigeria where chosen to be the area of study for this dissertation, particularly because there is Evidence that suggests that within these countries the military authorities have shown considerable respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms. The dissertation begins with a discussion of the possible reasons why the military intervene in African politico, This was considered necessary as noted nbove the list of countries that have experienced a military coup is quite extensive and so it could be said the incidence of military coups in Africa has reached alarming proportions and as such this problem merits consideration Then there follows a discussion of the legal effects of a military coup upon a legal system and the nature cf military rule After the preliminary matters comes a discussion of the crux of the natter the impact of military rule upon fundamental human rights end freedom© in Ghana and Nigeria The fundamental human rights and freedoms discussed comprise mainly those found in the fundamental rights chapter of independence constitutions (i.e the constitution handed down at tho time of independence) of newly independentt African countries) In particular the following rights and freedoms are discussed
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive.
ODO LOVETH CHINEDU
ReplyDelete17109779
32
GROUP D
QUESTION: Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
Nigeria is an oil-rich state located in the eastern part of African. Since gaining independence in 1960, it has faced numerous regime changes. These fluctuations in stable governance have both positively and negatively affected the livelihood of the Nigerian people. The struggle for power has been a toss-up between civilian governments and militaristic dictators, each fighting to gain control of the lucrative oil reserves. As the military seeks to rid corruption from the ruling body, it has brought additional struggles to everyday life in Nigeria. Military governments in Nigeria have proven to be detrimental to the political strive towards democracy, the economic struggle to eliminate debt, and the livelihood of local Africans. …show more content…
The actions of the military eventually led society to lose faith in the state’s abilities. The Nigerian people were no longer confident that the ruling government could solve the basic problems it encountered. This lack of support presents the question of why did society ever allow the military to assume control in the first place? The Nigerian people never thought the military would maintain their grip on power as they have. Society was content with the harsh changes made by the military. Many people felt these changes were necessary to remove corruption and restore order. They also expected, however, that once the military resumed is natural duties, the harsh governance would cease. But what society did not expect was that the military would remain in power for thirteen consecutive years (Joseph 1987, 67). The military rulers had a very different governing style than civilian democracies. The leadership usually consisted of a few elites who made decisions for everyone else. The government had advisors, sometimes civilian, for support with daily actions (Bratton 1997, 80). This style of rule did not allow for societal recognition in political matters. The government was also very oppressive towards challenges to their authority. Political parties were banned and elections were eliminated. In one particular case, elections had already taken place, but they were cancelled as Nigeria is an oil-rich state located in the eastern part of African. Since gaining independence in 1960, it has faced numerous regime changes. These fluctuations in stable governance have both positively and negatively affected the livelihood of the Nigerian people.
ODO HAPPINESS UKAMAKA
ReplyDelete17101074
GROUP D
37
QUESTION: Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
Since her independence in October I 1960 one of the political problems faced by Nigeria has been the issue of succession from one democratically elected regime to another. Up to the present time, there have been four stretches of civilian democratic governance and republics (1963 - 1966, 1979 – 1983, 1993 and 1999 - Present) which were intermittently disrupted by some military, political, economic and social forces in 1966, 1983, and 1993. Prominent among these forces is military intrusion and coup d’état which has continually contributed to the breaks in linkages between the civilian governments. From observation, democratic transition and succession in Nigeria like in most developing countries has been descriptively problematic. This notion makes sense when the term “succession” is viewed from the democratic point of view. Succession1 could be classified into orderly or regular and disorderly or irregular. This debate on transition and succession looms large on the Nigerian political landscape as it occupies an important place in the country’s political agenda. Transition to democracy in Nigeria may be viewed partly as a historically inevitable response to transition from non-democratic military regimes in most cases. Nigeria has pursued elaborate transitions to democracy which in effect amounted to a gradual political disengagement of the military from governance. However, what is important at the present state of Nigeria polity is sustainable democratic governance that the country deserves. Against this background, this paper articulates the place of military2 institution in democratic transition and succession in Nigeria. The questions that bother on the focus of this discourse include: - How instrumental was the military in the collapse of the defunct republics in Nigeria? To what extent has the military been involved in actualization of democratic dispensations in the country? Could the military be a viable instrument for smooth democratic transition and succession in the future of the country?
Society was content with the harsh changes made by the military. Many people felt these changes were necessary to remove corruption and restore order. They also expected, however, that once the military resumed is natural duties, the harsh governance would cease. But what society did not expect was that the military would remain in power for thirteen consecutive years (Joseph 1987, 67). The military rulers had a very different governing style than civilian democracies. The leadership usually consisted of a few elites who made decisions for everyone else. The government had advisors, sometimes civilian, for support with daily actions (Bratton 1997, 80). This style of rule did not allow for societal recognition in political matters. The government was also very oppressive towards challenges to their authority. Political parties were banned and elections were eliminated. In one particular case, elections had already taken place, but they were cancelled as the results began to surface. The oppression shown towards society left the Nigerian people without an outlet for their discontent with the ruling party (Bratton 1997, 98). The political methods of the military government have had negative affects on the state’s relationship with society. The lack of fair elections prevents equal representation for the people of Nigeria. This causes distrust and the further removal of society from state affairs. As the corruption continues within government politics, society’s unrest will eventually prevail among greed and oppression to establish new leadership.
NAME: ONAH CHIDINMA EMMANUELLA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109840
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 137
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
ANSWER
1. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military affiliation is a one get-together consider where ruin is an aversion. A scholarly is in a concise minute kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal columnist of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he formed a piece that was opposing to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military bound the 'New breed Magazine' and diverse component creators persevered through disfavor as refered to above. This contentions were emphasized in 2007 out of an eminent government therefore; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the open gathering for the residency development (Obasanjo required the parliament to help a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) circumnavigated the open idea live, in this manner startling way the overall public who may have wrangled for the growing.
2. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of doing fighting sent by the military to mind the foe. It is a psychological system to manage locks in. This has been extrapolated into the bigger part control milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as an instrument to undermine political foes to toe a relative part with the master. Arraignment had been used as an instrument of undermining. This had been successfully used as a piece of the arraignments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states freely.
3. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a delved as a general rule that the charge structure of the military gives no space to trade, methodology, deliberateness and alleviation. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the models of 'with induce impact in the direct of social commitment. Today, Nigerians use the probability of 'with vivacious effect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, bend and pass on or make due meanwhile. In the present affiliation, the President empowered requested the all inclusive community from his gathering to see the race as a 'do or kick the can undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and deviation of winning part runs structure.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't wanted to another motivation behind converging of intrigue or dissention. It has no family to proceed with 'protection' or dissention of view on its sales. This has been engraved in the psyche of Nigerians and sharpened in the vote based field. This was appeared in the midst of the infamous moves towards the third term of affiliation. Any individual saw as an obstacle was frightened with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), good 'ol fashioned board report and periodical and the assertion of the working environment of the VP purge, which traces were out and out pronounced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural peculiarity) by the courts.
Furthermore, general edges are always closed. Mind blowing irregularities inferred the openness and execution of the choices as a few contenders' names were/would not be joined into the vote papers. This was a further undertaking to pull back the simply space. It has any kind of effect little whether an ex-military officer is the President or not. The properties were found by all from the military and would constantly be repeated in the vote based field in this way the title of the paper.
NAME: EZEME LINDA CHIEMELA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL/ENGLISH
REG.NUMBE: 17109695
COURSE TITTLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C
GROUP NUMBER 102
LECTURER NAME: MRS. M.N OGENYI
WHAT ARE THE ISSUES OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA POLITICS?
INTRODUCTION
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS WILL RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING:
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: the matter of political instability in Federal Republic of Nigeria remains unsolved . we have a tendency to conclude that to attain political stability in Federal Republic of Nigeria it'll be necessary to resolve bound issues that are frozen in Nigeria's peripheral capitalist system - financial condition, hungriness, and disparities in financial gain and wealth among others. In short, even though the new civilian government in 1993 is surpass individuals of integrity, the matter of political instability won't be solved till the ability rotates back the militants.
VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military disengagement for civilian rule is that if a major portion of the public develop such sturdy anti-military and anti-war sentiments that they begin to threaten the military’s ability to defend the correct of those anti-military and anti-war people as they're going to undermine the military’s ability to safeguard them against less freedom infatuated forces.
In worst case the civil public will truly cause their military to fail once it'd not have otherwise failing in it’s task to safeguard their sovereignty and method of life, leading to occupation associate degreed removal of rights like criticism of the military that during this case is not any longer a force attempting to safeguard the freedoms however an occupying force doubtless indifferent to the lives of their opponents whom they’ll insist are terrorists.
All these and a lot of are the implications of the militant exploit power for the civilians. however despite of these, the issues may be referred to as to order if the military government is named to power once more.
CONCLUSION/REMARK
One must also note that the Nigerian army on its part has introduced a program of political education, operation service alert (OSA), basically aimed at teaching national awareness and inculcating the soldiers the ethics of military professionalism. The Nigerian defense academy (NDA) is also turning out graduate officials which would make the army officials, soldier-intellectuals whose academic exposure could render the current political indoctrination exercise relevant (Huntington’s inculcation of military ethics through military professionalism) . Because of the above benefits being gained from military, I thereby conclude that their disengagement was of problem centered as aforementioned.
OGBONNA LOVELYN CHIDERA
ReplyDelete17109447
GROUP A
24
QUESTION: Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
• Presence of regionalised parties: One of the reasons the military advanced for their intervention in the politics of Nigeria in 1966 was that the various political parties that were operating at the time were not national in nature. The entire support base of the various political parties was regionalised. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was supported mainly by people from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its support from the Western Region and the Northern People’s Congress drew its support mainly from the Northern Region. This, according to the military did not engender national cohesion.
• Mismanagement of the economy: Another accusation that was leveled against the civilian government to warrant their overthrow was that they mismanaged the economy. The economy was said to have been so mismanaged that if the military had not stepped in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
• Unhealthy rivalry among the major tribes: The politicians of the day were accused by the military of engaging in tribal politics. The political practice of the time was based on ethnicity so that each of the major political parties was jostling for supremacy. This, according to the military, badly damaged national unity.
• Politicization of the army: Another cause of the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the army. The army was so politicized that one’s promotion was no longer based on one’s experience, qualificationand training but rather on one’s political leanings which was in turn underpinned on one’s tribal origin.
• Tribalism and nepotism: Another key contribution to the military overthrow of the civilian government of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Recruitment, appointment and promotion within the Nigerian Civil Service was based on “whom you know”. One was not too sure of appointment into the Civil Service if one did not know any “Oga” within the service or did not belong to a certain tribe. This, the military said was bad.
• Foreign complicity: One cannot rule out foreign complicity in the Nigerian coup d’tat of 1966 and subsequent ones. Some foreign powers are suspected of being involved in regime change so that they can help put into power governments that are amenable to their whims and caprices.
• Socio-Economic Development : According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
NAME: ASOGWA IFECHUKWU BLESSING
ReplyDeleteREGISTRATION NUMBER: 17109579
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 7
QUESTION: MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. TRIBALISM AND NEPOTISM: Another key commitment to the military topple of the regular citizen administration of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Enrollment, arrangement and advancement inside the Nigerian Civil Service depended on "whom you know". One was not very beyond any doubt of arrangement into the Civil Service on the off chance that one didn't know any "Oga" inside the administration or did not have a place with a specific clan. This, the military said was terrible.
2. FOREIGN COMPLICITY: One can't discount outside complicity in the Nigerian overthrow d'tat of 1966 and ensuing ones. Some remote forces are associated with being engaged with administration change so they can help put into control governments that are managable to their impulses and inclinations.
3. CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Another extraordinary explanation behind military mediation in legislative issues is political emergency in a nation; like on account of military intercessions amid the Cold War on the grounds that the socialist administrations fizzled against free enterprise and majority rule government. Defilement dependably debilitates the administration and results in high odds of military overthrows.
4. REGIONAL BASED POLITICAL GATHERINGS: Various political gatherings that were working at the time were not national in nature. The whole help base of the different political gatherings was regionalised. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was bolstered predominantly by individuals from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its help from the Western Region and the Northern People's Congress drew its help essentially from the Northern Region. This, as per the military did not incite national attachment.
5. MISMANAGEMENT OF ECONOMY: Another allegation that was leveled against the regular citizen government to warrant their topple was that they fumbled the economy. The economy was said to have been mismanaged to the point that if the military had not ventured in, the economy would have slid into a chasm.
6. UNHEALTHY COMPETITION AMONG THE REAL CLANS: The government officials of the day were blamed by the military for taking part in inborn legislative issues. The political routine with regards to the time depended on ethnicity so every one of the major political gatherings was shaking for amazingness. This, as per the military, seriously harmed national solidarity.
7. POLITICIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCE: Another reason for the military intercession in Nigeria was the politicization of the armed force. The armed force was politicized to the point that one's advancement was never again in light of one's understanding, capability and preparing but instead on one's political leanings which was thusly supported on one's inborn root.
8. CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY: This hypothesis gives the more noteworthy the assets and power the military has, the more prominent the odds of a military overthrow. A feeble regular citizen organization may incite solid military powers to assume control in the nation, this is the reason the activities of military powers ought to be observed
9. REGIONAL CONTRAST: Regional contrasts are constantly given as the motivation to military intercession in the political issues of Latin America. Nigeria additionally has a few issues existing between a few states.
10. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: According to this hypothesis, a military mediation can occur because of incredulity in the financial advancement of the nation. Socially and monetarily stable nations are less inclined to military upsets. Military mediations as a rule occur in nations with low-salary status.
UDEH EBUBECHUKWU PHILIPMICHEAL
ReplyDelete17109898
GROUP D
NO 23
QUESTION: Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
At political independence in 1960, the political elite who constituted the phantom bourgeoisie inherited a nation from a poor foundation difficult for nation building to take place. The general election that brought the First Republic leaders was not entirely credible, free from ethnic bias, jaundice and sentiment. Formations of political parties were done on ethnic bases without paying particular attention to the need of the fragile nation like Nigeria at that material time. The Northern People’s Congress (NPC) was Hausa – Fulani dominated, the Action Group (AG) was a Yoruba dominated party, and the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) was Igbo dominated. This background of ethnic politics made good governance and nation building very problematic, and Nigeria stagnated and plummeted from one political crisis to other within the six years of the nation’s political independence. Nigeria’s independent government at the Federal and the State levels experienced a short “honeymoon”. Within two years, conflicts had torn apart the ruling coalition in the Western Region. The next year suspicion about the national census destroyed the little trust there was among the regions. Finally, in 1965 law and order broke down in the Western Region over election-related fraud and violence, and the military ended the
First Republic in a January 1966 coup (Mundt et al, 2010). The military intervention in politics in 1966 was necessitated by these crisis and inability of the civil authority to tackle the problems of nation building.
1. FEDERALISM AND STATE CREATION: The origin of Nigerian federalism was an old idea stemming from the recommendation of 1898 Niger Committee headed by Lord Selbourne, which among other things recommended amalgamation of Northern and Southern protectorates (Tamuno, 1998). This was implemented by the colonial masters in 1914 amalgamation of Northern and Southern protectorates. The 1946, 1951 and 1954 constitutions all toyed and tinkered further the idea of federalism before the political independence in 1960. In spite of the paraphernalia of federalism and parliamentary democracy, Nigeria was neither a nation nor a democracy by the time of the military takeover of January 15, 1966 (Nwankwo & Ifejika, 1969). The task of welding divergent views and ethnic groups to forge a nation became an uphill job before the military government following the coup d’état. While the military held sway, the counter-coup of July 1966, the pogrom committed against the Easterners and subsequent declaration of the Republic of Biafra informed the action of the military to create States in 1967. In response to the need of the hour, the military created twelve States, giving a measure of political restructuring to the polity.
2. CONSTITUTIONAL MAKING BY THE MILITARY IN GOVERNANCE: The 1922, 1946, 1951, 1954 and the 1960 Independence constitutions had not addressed the constitutional needs of Nigerians. Constitutional crisis was the major nation building challenges inherited by the military in governance as the country drifted and slided towards disintegration. Given the political disturbances and imbroglio orchestrated by the counter coup in July 1966, the massacre of Igbo military and civilian population especially in the northern parts of the country impelled the military government under General Yakubu Gowon to organise Ad hoc Constitutional Conference in 1966 to fashion out way to accommodate the interest of the discordant views bothering on human rights violations particularly of the Easterners. The circumstances surrounding the organisation of the Ad hoc Conference drastically impeded its success.
NAME: NNAMANI BENITA OZIOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
REG.NO: 17101066
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 119
QUESTION:
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS.
MEANING
The activity or procedure of pulling back from association in an action, circumstance, or gathering.
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
Military separation from governmental issues isn't a dichotomous case in light of the indistinct limits amongst military and regular citizen lead in politic. Consequently, there is a range of military withdrawal from legislative issues. The diverse kinds of military administrations that the military makes once in control make, with respect the terms of the level and scope of intercession, its results on monetary and social advancement, and the part of the military in national protection, makes it considerably more entangled. The choice of the military to pull back from governmental issues isn't as basic process as it is normal as a result of the communications of numerous factors engaged with the procedure which make distinctive standards that the military administration may take after to surrender power or offer it with regular people.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS CAN LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:
SOCIAL INJUSTICE: The focal postulation is that the military commitment withdrawal nexus is profoundly established in the emergency of social equity in Nigeria. The military has interceded and separated from Nigerian governmental issues in the past due to the powerlessness of Nigeria's fringe industrialist framework to address the issues and yearnings of the Nigerian masses. The issues which are installed in the fringe industrialist framework have provoked the military to mediate in the political field, yet its powerlessness to take care of these issues has then constrained it to pull back. In particular, with regards to the present separation process, we contend that the procedure is bound to fall flat: the military will re-mediate in Nigeria's legislative issues after a regular citizen government is chosen in 1993. This is clarified by the way that amid the present time of separation the central issues of financial equity have not been tended to.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: The issue of political insecurity in Nigeria stays unsolved. We infer that to accomplish political dependability in Nigeria it will be important to take care of specific issues which are established in Nigeria's fringe industrialist framework - destitution, malnourishment, and abberations in wage and riches among others. To put it plainly, regardless of whether the new non military personnel government in 1993 is controlled by individuals of honesty, the issue of political insecurity won't be tackled until the point that the power pivots back the aggressors.
INFRINGEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military withdrawal for regular citizen run is if a noteworthy part of the masses grow such solid hostile to military and against war estimations that they begin to debilitate the military's capacity to shield the privilege of these against military and hostile to war people as they will undermine the military's capacity to ensure them against less opportunity adoring powers.
In most pessimistic scenario the common masses can really make their military fall flat when it would not have generally bombed in it's assignment to ensure their sway and lifestyle, bringing about occupation and evacuation of rights, for example, feedback of the military which for this situation is never again a power endeavoring to secure the opportunities however an involving power conceivably unconcerned with the lives of their adversaries whom they'll demand are psychological militants.
NAME: ARINZE ANNASTECIA CHIDIMMA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109941
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 125
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 76
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LETGITMACY
ANSWER
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
MILITARY LEGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the congruity among might and right. It is a relative trusted that complexities amidst war and peace. In wartime, national survival is fundamental with pulverization of the adversary by overwhelming military power a persuading trial regarding military acceptability. In peacetime the genuineness of military assignments is coordinated by genuine and great measures and properties
On peacetime military exercises—those undertakings other than war, for instance, counterinsurgency, security assignments and nation building. Fight is every now and then a key bit of peacetime military undertakings, especially regardless circumstances, yet key accomplishment is more dependent in the wake of achieving political goals than military destinations, and consistent military power is never a substitute for the nonattendance of validness.
Military realness relies on open perspective of military undertakings, with the objective that it is an impression of standard military relations. Abroad religious and social conflicts are the most clear dangers to the legitimacy of US military forces, while in the US principal military issues are additionally unassuming yet everything thought about good 'ol fashioned. That is by uprightness of the US military is a czar relationship inside a greater part manage society, and its aggregate characteristics, for instance, insights of duty and consistency to the military mission—convey a potential hazard to libertarian normal neighborhood regards. Furthermore, in light of the way that the military controls the nation's most coercive powers, there is the hazard that a bound military and conflicting military and standard subject regards could undermine basic military relations and incapacitate the legitimacy of the US military.
Name:Edeoga Ephraim Chinecherem
ReplyDeleteReg.17109589
Dept. Political Science/English
Number 83
Level 100
GROUP: B
Assignment of Edeoga Ephraim .C.
STATE THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT
1. Mobile Command Posts/Basecamps
2. Storage and Warehousing
3. Temporary/Permanent Operations Facilities
4. Mobile Hospitals
5. Semi/Permanent Military Hangars
6. Classrooms/After Action Review Accommodations
7. Temporary Barracks
8. Dining Facilities Respite (DFAC)
9. Military Personnel MWR Facilities (Morale, Welfare and Recreation)
10. Emergency Decontamination Shelters
11. First Aid Tents
12. Temporary Emergency Housing
13. Security Checkpoints
THE LEGITIMACY OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT
In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority,
Military Legitimacy is about the balance between might and right. It is a relative concept that differs in times of war and peace. In peacetime the legitimacy of military operations is governed by legal and moral standards and values in both the US and the area of operations. These standards and values are often in conflict, making the public support required for political and military legitimacy problematic.
Military legitimacy is based on public perceptions of military operations, so that it is a reflection of civil-military relations. Overseas religious and cultural conflicts are the most obvious threats to the legitimacy of US military forces, while in the US civil-military issues are more subtle but nevertheless real. That is because the US military is an authoritarian regime within a democratic society, and its communal values—such as concepts of duty and loyalty to the military mission—represent a potential threat to libertarian civilian values.
The following topical categories will be used to organize papers, articles and commentary on the website (see sidebar):
1. Religion and culture as they shape values, law and public support as standards of military legitimacy.
2. Democracy, human rights and the rule of law in foreign policy and as standards of military legitimacy.
3. Military legitimacy and leadership and how they relate to civil-military relations
4. Civil affairs as an operational concept and a civil-military capability.
5. Lessons learned in legitimacy and how they shape the future.
Name: Eze Joshua Chikaodili
ReplyDeleteReg. 17109791
Dept. Political Science/English
Number 97
Level 100
Group C: Murtala Muhammed FROM 85-127
What are the problems of military disengagement in Nigeria Politics?
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS
A military is a force authorized to use lethal or deadly force and weapons to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. It typically consists of an Army, Navy, Air Force, and in certain countries the Marines and Coast Guard. The task of the military is usually defined as defence of the state, and its citizens, and the prosecution of war against another state.
Nigeria, like several other countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, depicts the picture of a ‘Praetorian state’ or what Leo Dare called the ‘Praetorian trap’. The reason for this nomenclature is not farfetched. The polity alternated between civilian and military administrations since its ‘flag independence’ in October 1960. The only respite so far is the uninterrupted civilian administration since 29 May1999, when a nascent democracy was inaugurated. Even at that, the risk of military intervention has not completely disappeared from the political firmament. The thrust of this article, however, is an in-depth analysis of the role(s) of the Military in democratic political transition in Nigeria. This study becomes imperative in the context of the Military superimposed democratic transitions in Nigeria. In a nutshell the article recognises the contributions of the Military vis-à-vis democratic transition and sustenance.
PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS
Murtala/Obasanjo Transition Programme (1975-1979)
Transition programme of General Murtala Muhammed and General Olusegun Obasanjo commenced on July 20th, 1975 when General Mohammed was proclaimed the new military head of state, having terminated the regime of General Yakubu Gowon which was accused of low performance, ineptitude and lack of commitment to the prosecution of his transition program as he turned round to declare that his intended handing over date to the civilians in 1976 was no more feasible. As part of the process of securing legitimacy, General Mohammed pledged to hand over to a democratically elected civilian government on 1st October 1979 after he might have successfully implemented his transition time table.
However, before much could be done by General Murtala Muhammed, Colonel Dimka’s abortive coup of February 13th, 1976 silenced him to death.
NAME: EZEMA AMARA ANN
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109506
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 100
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
MEANING
The action or strategy of pulling once again from commitment in an activity, condition, or assembling.
INTRODUCTION
Military partition from administrative issues isn't a dichotomous case because of as far as possible among military and customary resident keep running in politic. Along these lines, there is a scope of military withdrawal from administrative issues. The unmistakable sorts of military organizations that the military makes once in charge make, with deference the terms of the level and extent of intercession, its outcomes on fiscal and social change, and the piece of the military in national assurance, makes it considerably more puzzled. The decision of the military to pull over from authoritative issues isn't as essential process as it is typical by virtue of the interchanges of various components related with the system which make different perfect models that the military organization may take after to surrender power or offer it with customary people.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS CAN LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:
SOCIAL INJUSTICE: The central proposition is that the military responsibility division nexus is significantly settled in the crisis of social value in Nigeria. The military has intervened and pulled back from Nigerian legislative issues in the past in light of the disappointment of Nigeria's periphery industrialist system to address the issues and wants of the Nigerian masses. The issues which are embedded in the periphery business visionary structure have incited the military to intervene in the political field, yet its inability to deal with these issues has then compelled it to pull back. Specifically, concerning the present withdrawal process, we fight that the method will undoubtedly crash and burn: the military will re-intercede in Nigeria's administrative issues after a normal native government is picked in 1993. This is cleared up by the path that in the midst of the present time of division the basic issues of money related value have not been tended to.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: The issue of political shakiness in Nigeria remains unsolved. We reason that to achieve political soundness in Nigeria it will be imperative to deal with particular issues which are built up in Nigeria's periphery business person system - desperation, malnourishment, and abberations in wage and wealth among others. Essentially, paying little mind to whether the new non military work force government in 1993 is controlled by people of respectability, the issue of political precariousness won't be grasped until the point that the power turns back the activists.
ENCROACHMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military division for general national run is if a tremendous piece of the general population develop such strong threatening to military and against war inclines that they start to incapacitate the military's ability to shield the benefit of these antagonistic to military and unfriendly to war individuals as they will undermine the military's ability to guarantee them against less adaptability revering powers.
In most critical situation the regular masses can truly make their military miss the mark when it would not have for the most part tumbled in it's task to guarantee their influence and way of life, realizing occupation and clearing of rights, for instance, input of the military which for this circumstance is never again a power attempting to secure the openings yet a having power possibly not inspired by the lives of their opponents whom they'll request are mental oppressors.
All these and more are the aftereffects of the assailant leaving power for the customary people. In any case, despite all these, the issues can be called to mastermind if the military government is called to control yet again.
NAME: NNADI EMELDA CHIAMAKA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109455
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 117
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
MEANING
The movement or arrangement of pulling before long from obligation in an activity, condition, or gathering.
INTRODUCTION
Military package from definitive issues isn't a dichotomous case in perspective of very far among military and standard tenant keep running in politic. In this way, there is a degree of military withdrawal from administrative issues. The unmistakable sorts of military affiliations that the military makes once in charge make, with respect the terms of the level and level of intercession, its outcomes on money related and social change, and the bit of the military in national affirmation, makes it astonishingly more confused. The decision of the military to pull over from authoritative issues isn't as essential process as it is customary by beliefs of the exchanges of various parts related with the system which make particular faultless models that the military affiliation may take after to surrender power or offer it with standard people.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS CAN LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:
SOCIAL INJUSTICE: The central suggestion is that the military obligation division nexus is basically settled in the crisis of social motivation in Nigeria. The military has interceded and pulled afresh from Nigerian definitive issues in the past in light of the disappointment of Nigeria's edges industrialist structure to address the issues and needs of the Nigerian masses. The issues which are embedded in the periphery business visionary structure have prompted the military to mediate in the political field, yet its inability to deal with these issues has then compelled it to pull back. Specifically, concerning the present withdrawal process, we fight that the strategy will doubtlessly fail miserably: the military will re-intervene in Nigeria's administrative issues after a customary nearby government is picked in 1993. This is cleared up by the path that in the midst of the present time of division the basic issues of money related regard have not been tended to.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: The issue of political shakiness in Nigeria remains unsolved. We reason that to achieve political soundness in Nigeria it will be essential to oversee particular issues which are produced in Nigeria's periphery agent system - frenzy, malnourishment, and abberations in wage and wealth among others. Essentially, paying little identity to whether the new non military work drive government in 1993 is controlled by people of respectability, the issue of political irregularity won't be understood until the point that the power turns back the activists.
ENCROACHMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military division for general national run is if a gigantic piece of the comprehensive group become such strong crippling to military and against war inclines that they start to debilitate the military's ability to shield the benefit of these contradicting to military and hostile to war individuals as they will undermine the military's ability to guarantee them against less flexibility regarding powers.
In most fundamental condition the typical masses can truly make their military miss the mark when it would not have for the most part tumbled in it's errand to guarantee their effect and way of life, recognizing occupation and clearing of rights, for instance, commitment of the military which for this circumstance is never again a power attempting to secure the openings yet a having power possibly not moved by the lives of their adversaries whom they'll request are mental oppressors.
All these and more are the postponed outcomes of the assailant leaving power for the standard people. In any case, notwithstanding all these, the issues can be called to design if the military government is called to control yet again.
NAME: OFANA FAVOUR CHISOM
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109444
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 128
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the charge structure of the military gives no space to discourse, transaction, intervention and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with quick impact in the direct of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, disfigure and kick the bucket or get by simultaneously. In the present agreement, the President hosted charged the individuals from his gathering to see the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket issue'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and distortion of majority rule government.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where contradict is an abomination. A dissident is quickly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the fact that he composed a piece that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military restricted the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured embarrassment as refered to above. This logic were duplicated in 2007 out of a vote based system consequently; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency prolongation (Obasanjo needed the parliament to endorse a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the verbal confrontation live, in this way frightening way the individuals who might have discussed for the stretching. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT journalists and halted and devastated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency stretching'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting conveyed by the military to mind the foe. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the vote based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as an instrument to threaten political rivals to toe a similar part with the official. Prosecution had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the denunciations in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its orders. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the equitable field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), managerial board report and paper and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether pronounced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural anomaly) by the courts.
At last the lead of popularity based decisions in Nigeria bore a sign of fighting and occasions in a battalion state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over the place, their sights caused fear in the common masses. Also, universal outskirts are constantly shut. Impressive logical inconsistencies denoted the arrangement and execution of the races as a few hopefuls' names were/would not be incorporated into the tally papers. This was a further endeavor to shrivel the popularity based space.
NAME: ONUNZE INNOCENT IZUCHUKWU
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109164
DEPARTMENT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 142
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is an entrenched conviction that the charge structure of the military gives no space to talk, exchange, intercession and assuagement. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the principles of 'with speedy effect in the direct of social duty. Today, Nigerians use the possibility of 'with incite affect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, deform and kick the pail or get by at the same time
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military organization is a one get-together wonder where repudiate is a horrifying presence. A nonconformist is rapidly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal correspondent of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he formed a piece that was hostile to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military limited the 'New breed Magazine' and various feature writers persevered through shame as refered to above. This rationale were copied in 2007 out of a vote based framework thusly; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the prudent talk for the residency prolongation (Obasanjo required the parliament to embrace a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) unveiled the verbal showdown live, thusly unnerving way the people who may have examined for the extending. The State Security Service (SSS) trapped the AIT writers and ended and crushed the pro tape of a story entitled 'a residency extending'. In April 2007 in the midst of the choice acclaimed to have been by and large blemished, the State Security Service (SSS – the Secret Police) again assaulted the studio of the station in the midst of the airing of 'an account on Nigerian political change'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of battling passed on by the military to mind the adversary. It is a psychological method to manage battling. This has been extrapolated into the vote based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as an instrument to debilitate political adversaries to toe a comparative part with the authority. Indictment had been used as an instrument of threatening. This had been adequately used in the reprobations in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states exclusively.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't organized to another point of convergence of demand or dissention. It has no family to persevere 'protection' or dissention of view on its requests. This has been engraved in the psyche of Nigerians and sharpened in the fair field. This was appeared in the midst of the outrageous moves towards the third term of organization. Any individual saw as a deterrent was terrified with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), administrative board report and paper and the announcement of the work environment of the VP purge, which frames were out and out articulated as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural peculiarity) by the courts.
Finally the lead of prominence based choices in Nigeria bore an indication of battling and events in a contingent state. In the midst of choices military men are made battle arranged, policemen are seen everywhere, their sights caused fear in the basic masses. Additionally, all inclusive edges are always closed. Great legitimate irregularities meant the plan and execution of the races as a couple of hopefuls' names were/would not be consolidated into the count papers.
Name: Ezeh Augustine Ikechukwu
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Eng
GROUP: C
Serial No: 93
Reg. No: 17109557
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. As such, this term paper seeks to analyze three basic explanations of military disengagement in the lime light of General Abdulsalami Abubakar’s transition program stating the regimes general implication on Nigeria as a political entity.
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
1.The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
2. The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
3. The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
4. The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
The third perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
Acceptance to surrender power to civil rule
How to persuade military and security establishments to accept military retreat from power on a long-term and unconditional basis.
The classic problem of 'civilian control': i.e. how to prevent military intervention or reintervention against established democratic institutions.
The 'democradura' (or 'hard democracy') problem: i.e. how to discourage the re-institutionalization of authoritarian rule within existing democratic forms.
The transparency problem: i.e. how to assure the accountability of the military and security services and of the elected politicians responsible for them; such that neither can conceal abuses of power beneath the cloak of 'national security'.
armed forces may actually welcome public debate).
The amnesty for autocrats and warlords problem: i.e. how to persuade tyrants and their torturers, enforcers, kieptocrats and placemen to cede power, whilst satisfying those they have oppressed that justice is being done, and that the same injustices will not recur under a new political dispensation.
The demobilization problem: i.e. how to reintegrate and cut back swollen, divided and undisciplined military and paramilitary forces, including the growing number of irregular formations.
GROUP B NO 66
ReplyDeleteNAME:UGWUEZE SCHOLASTICA ONYINYECHI
REG NO:17109171
DEPT: POL. SCI /CRS
Nigeria's first military junta began following the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état which overthrew Prime Minister Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was made the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, but was soon overthrown and murdered in a coup in July of the same year.
Aguiyi-Ironsi was succeeded by General Yakubu Gowon, who established a Supreme Military Council. Gowon held power until July 1975, when he was overthrown in a bloodless coup.
Brigadier (later General) Murtala Mohammed, who succeeded Gowon. Months later, in February 1976, Mohammed was assassinated by Buka Suka Dimka and others in a violent coup attempt, but the plotters failed to kill Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, who then succeeded Mohammed as head of state.
The Supreme Military Council was formally dissolved when Ọbasanjọ handed power to the elected Shehu Shagari, ending the military regime and establishing a Nigerian Second Republic
The structure of military government and its legitimacy under Yakubu Gowon
1. The head of state/president.
2. The supreme military council (SMC)
3. The national council of ministers
4. The judiciary
5. The civil service
legitimacy under Yakubu Gowon
Military Legitimacy is about the balance between might and right. It is a relative concept that differs in times of war and peace. In wartime, national survival is paramount with defeat of the enemy by overwhelming military force the ultimate test of military legitimacy. In peacetime the legitimacy of military operations is governed by legal and moral standards and values in both the Nigeria and the area of operations. These standards and values are often in conflict, making the public support required for political and military legitimacy problematic.
Name: Ukwueze Pauline Ifeoma
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Eng
GROUP: D
Serial No: 156
Reg. No: 17109571
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The practice of democracy in Nigeria in the last eight years has raised considerable issues, one of which is the overt display of ‘militarized political culture’ in the democratic space. Why is the political behavior of the supposed statesmen in a democratic setting essentially that of ‘active-combative posture’ rather than dialogue, negotiation and reconciliation as demanded by democratic tenets? Why should politicians, some of whom had never been in the military, act in the democratic space as garrison commanders? At the same time, why should politics be pursued as if it is warfare? The purpose of this paper is to offer both an explanation for the behavior of the political actors in the democratic era since 1999, and to set the conditions necessary for change if any.
The evaluation of this phenomenon and its implication for democratic development is the concern of this paper. However, it is also the contention of this paper that the current behavior by political leaders and that of the followers at the national, state, local governments’ levels respectively, are accounted for by the militarization of the civic political culture through political osmotic processes. It is instructive that many children, who were born under the military regime and have become adult at eighteen, are only exposed to the command structure of the military in the civil culture. This position has been reinforced in several literatures. Bennet and Kirk Greene (1978) examined in their treatise the pervasiveness of the military in the socio-economic life of the state and remarked that there is no standing still. In three basic respects the Nigerian political system has been shaped, not by the prescription of the constitutional Assembly but through an historical evolution something which any future Constitutional Settlement can scarcely ignore. Professor Dent (1978) on the military as a corrective regime, submitted that Nigeria had twice as many soldiers as teachers who affected all aspect of the polity. He then warned that the politicians might begin to slip back into the old ways of corruption, if they begin to lose the gains of corrective regime.
As Danjuma warned in 1974, if we (soldiers) continue to say that we are not politically inclined, we will be deceiving ourselves. That the soldier is no longer ruling does not mean that he is blind to whatever is happening about him (1978). These views to an extent, harmonizes with objective of this paper. It points to the fact that the military had considerable influence on all aspects of the lives of the people. Jemibewon (1998) submitted that the Nigeria military have had enormous influence in all aspects of the Nigerian state. Adekanye (2008) raised the issue of ‘quota system’ in the recruitment of the men of the Nigeria army. He stated that it makes the army organization very representative, and that this contributes to an army’s organizational health.
Consequent upon the long years of military governance, the obvious outcome would be militarized political culture, manifested in the political behaviors of the dramatis personae in the democratic arena. The Nigerian civic culture was eroded and militarized culture imbibed. Thus, the rule of operation became that of order, combat rather than dialogue, disregard of court orders and violation of human rights became the tenets of militarized civic culture in a democratic dispensation. These values and norms are unknown to democracy. Democratic values include; spiritual or moral principles, ideals or qualities of life that people favor for their own sake. Democracy is rooted in several key values, or norms. These values supply democracy’s moral content and give its institutions and procedures their normative purpose, as Sodaro (2008) said, these include; freedom, inclusion, equality, equity, welfare, negotiation and compromise.
Name: Onah Ruth Chinonso
ReplyDeleteDepartment: Pol. Sc/Eng
GROUP: D
Serial No: 139
Reg. No: 17101070
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The military is a peculiar organization in several respects. It is a bureaucratic organization, with excessive emphasis on hierarchy, centralization, discipline, and obedience to higher commands, rapid communications and espirit de corps. The military organisation, have certain values, attributes, and characteristics such as uniforms, separate barracks and some detachment from society. The military is an institution that utilizes and manages violence. The military organization and its resources is one measure of the power of a state. The organization strength of the military along with her control of arms and trained men, make the military a powerful public institution in all states. The fifty-five years of independence for Africa’s most populous nation have not been easy. Welding such diverse community into a single nation with a stable political process is still at an early stage despite its advantages in oil resources, good- agricultural land, and a solid core of well-educated citizens. Many Nigerians say that if there is any good coming out of all that bad years of military dictatorship and ineffective civilian governance, it is the fact that they have made enough mistakes to learn meaningful lessons from them. This paper shall proceed slowly, to examine the impact of military coup d’etat on the political development of Nigeria. But before then, let us quickly take a look at how military values and norms are transmitted into the society through a number of channels after supplantment.
i) Militarisation of Vocabulary of Engagement It is a known fact that the command structure of the military gives no room to dialogue, negotiation, arbitration and conciliation. The absence of this in social discourse brought to the fore the principles of ‘with immediate effect’ in the conduct of social engagement. Today, Nigerians
ii) Freedom of Expression The military governance is a one party phenomenon where dissent is an anathema. A dissenter is promptly detained.
iii) Political Intimidation Intimidation is a weapon of warfare deployed by the military to psyche the enemy. It is a psychological approach to warfare. This has been extrapolated into the democratic milieu.
iv) Uni-cameralism The military as an institution is not disposed to another center of order or dissention. It has no pedigree to tolerate ‘opposition’ or dissention of view on its directives.
CONCLUSION
Militarism is not a dying phenomenon in African-Nigerian politics; it would resurface again having become an element of Nigerian political culture. Militarism as a political phase, replicates itself in political behaviors in the democratic space.
NAME: EBE FRIDAY NWABUEZE
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL.SC/CRS
GROUP: A
SERIAL NO: 42
REG. NO: 17109988
MENTION AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS
The Nigerian military has registered their unequivocal and unquestionable presence in the political atmosphere of the Nigerian state. Since the time of independence in 1960, the military have held on to power for a record of 29 years. { Reasons For Military Intervention In Nigerian Politics }.
1966 was the first military intervention in Nigerian politics and the grip on power lasted till 1979. In 1983, the military again truncated the Nigerian civilian rule and ruled again till 1999. All of these totaled 29 years of military rule in Nigeria.
The Nigerian people have always criticized the military for their unruly and unannounced presence in the Nigerian politics. However, there is no military intervention except that they would cite reasons for such break in democratic rule.
For this reason, we have researched and investigated the many reasons for military intervention in politics and presented it here for information sake.
Reasons For Military Intervention In Nigerian Politics
There are many reasons for military intervention in democratic rule. Some of them are genuine while some other are otherwise.
1. Firstly, the inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere. This is an irrefutable fact. In 1966 for instance, the first coup d’etat of January was masterminded by major Kaduna Nzeogwu. Nzeogwu and his cohorts were revolutionary minded officers who had the intention to attain the leadership position of the country and redirect its course of movement.
2. Major Adewale Ademoyega, one of the trio that orchestrated the coup, noted in one of his book, why we struck, that he along Major Ifeajuna, one of the trio that carried out the coup, were enlisted into the Nigerian army in 1961 for revolutionary sake.
Not that alone, electoral malpractices was one of the factors that largely engulfed the Nigerian state then. It is well known what electoral malpractices usually lead to. No political party can tolerate that. In 1964, the election result was adjudged
Socio-Economic Development: According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country.
NAME: EZUGWU LUCY UKAMAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/CRS
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 47
REG. NO: 17109204
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Military recruitment would also increase from 10,000 to 250,000 civilians in Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not received any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption. Many issues continue to arise around Nigeria and when one issue was addressed by the military government, other issues would arise. Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and aberration of democracy. ii) Freedom of Expression The military governance is a one party phenomenon where dissent is an anathema. A dissenter is promptly detained. ‘Miniere Amakiri’ a chief correspondent of a Nigerian Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved just because he wrote a piece that was distasteful to the former Governor of Rivers State ‘Alfred Diete Spiff’, in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military proscribed the ‘Newbreed Magazine’ and many journalists suffered humiliation as cited above. This dialectics were replicated in 2007 in a democracy thus; in 2006 May 14, during the debate for the tenure elongation (Obasanjo wanted the parliament to approve a 3rd term for him).
NAME: ASADU PATIENCE KASIEMOBI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL.SC/ CRS
GROUP: A
SERIAL NO: 38
REG. NO: 17109628
STATE AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS
1966 was the first military intervention in Nigerian politics and the grip on power lasted till 1979. In 1983, the military again truncated the Nigerian civilian rule and ruled again till 1999. All of these totaled 29 years of military rule in Nigeria. The Nigerian people have always criticized the military for their unruly and unannounced presence in the Nigerian politics. However, there is no military intervention except that they would cite reasons for such break in democratic rule.
For this reason, we have researched and investigated the many reasons for military intervention in politics and presented it here for information sake. Ten reasons for military intervention in politics are as follows:
1. Socio-Economic Development
According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
2. Corruption and Political Development
Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups. Nigeria is still one of the most corrupt countries in the world, therefore, it will not be a surprise if the weak, corrupted politicians surrender the country to military rule. Without a strong political leader, Nigeria may fall into another military coup. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a stable economy and political atmosphere to protect the country! Military intervention in Nigerian government may only occur under weak politicians.
3. The Centrality of the Military
This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
NAME: UGWUANYI LOVELYN IFUNANYA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONOMIC/POLITICAL SCIENCE
REG NO: 17109151
LEVEL: 100
A. Group Agui Ironsi FROM 1-42
1. Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
INTRODUCTION
The Nigerian military has registered their unequivocal and unquestionable presence in the political atmosphere of the Nigerian state. Since the time of independence in 1960, the military have held on to power for a record of 29 years.
1. Socio-Economic Development
According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups
2. The Centrality of the Military
This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored!
3. Regional Differences
Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states. Nigeria is a country where more than 400 tribes coexist peacefully. Nonetheless, the political climate could change.
4. Presence of regionalized parties
One of the reasons the military advanced for their intervention in the politics of Nigeria in 1966 was that the various political parties that were operating at the time were not national in nature. The entire support base of the various political parties was regionalized.
5. Mismanagement of the economy
Another accusation that was leveled against the civilian government to warrant their overthrow was that they mismanaged the economy. The economy was said to have been so mismanaged that if the military had not stepped in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
6. Unhealthy rivalry among the major tribes
The politicians of the day were accused by the military of engaging in tribal politics. The political practice of the time was based on ethnicity so that each of the major political parties was jostling for supremacy. This, according to the military, badly damaged national unity.
7. Politicization of the army
Another cause of the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the army. The army was so politicized that one’s promotion was no longer based on one’s experience, qualification and training but rather on one’s political leanings which was in turn underpinned on one’s tribal origin.
8. Tribalism and nepotism
Another key contribution to the military overthrow of the civilian government of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Recruitment, appointment and promotion within the Nigerian Civil Service was based on “whom you know”. One was not too sure of appointment into the Civil Service if one did not know any “Oga” within the service or did not belong to a certain tribe. This, the military said was bad.
9.Foreign Complicity
One cannot rule out foreign complicity in the Nigerian coup d’tat of 1966 and subsequent ones. Some foreign powers are suspected of being involved in regime change so that they can help put into power governments that are amenable to their whims and caprices.
10. Corruption and Political Development .
Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy.
GROUP A NO:16
ReplyDeleteNAME: EZE LILIAN .C
REG. NO: 17109104
DEPT. ECONS/POL. SCI
10 reasons for military intervention on politics
The first coup in Nigeria had corruption as one of its justification." This is evidenced from the first
broadcast of the leader of the January, 1966 coup, Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu.
1. Mismanagement
Another factor of military intervention in politics is mismanagement of funds meant for prioritized developmental projects.
The civilian politicians where accused of mismanaging such funds; this is usually due to the selfish ambition to become millionaires within a short period of time.
2. Nepotism and favoritism
Nepotism and favoritism play prominent role in ushering in military into the political process of the state, in most cases, appointment and promotions under civilian government were not being carried out based on political qualification and experience, rather they were based on political considerations.
3. Marginalization
When therefore an ethnic group feels highly marginalized by another or other ethnic group it can plan to change the status-quo through a coup."
4. Political crisis
Political crisis is another salient factor that is adduced to be responsible for military intervention in the
breakdown of civil political order arrangements, which encourage the military to take over power.
5. Inordinate Ambition
inordinate ambition of the military is another reason why the military intervene in the political process. This ambition is sometimes personal to the individual officers and at times corporate
to the whole military force. They intervene in the political process in order to protect their interest.
6. Socio-Economic Development
Socio-Economic Development According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups.
7. Corruption and Political Development.
Corruption and Political Development Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups.
8. The Centrality of the Military.
The Centrality of the Military This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored.
9. Conflicts based on issues in the society.
Conflicts based on the characteristics of society these conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime
10. Regional Differences
Regional Differences Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states. Nigeria is a country where more than 400 tribes coexist peacefully.
NAME: UGWUOKE ODINAKA LOVETH
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONOMIC/POLITICAL SCIENCE
REG NO: 17109221
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 34
GROUP: A
LEVEL: 100
A. Group Agui Ironsi FROM 1-42
1. Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
Reasons For Military Intervention In Nigerian Politics
There are many reasons for military intervention in democratic rule. Some of them are genuine while some other are otherwise.
1. Firstly, the inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere.
2. The military also saw the political instability of Nigeria as a reason to intervene at the various time they did. Truly, the polity of the Nigerian state was heated up at the various time coups took place.
3. Not that alone, electoral malpractices was one of the factors that largely engulfed the Nigerian state then. It is well known what electoral malpractices usually lead to. No political party can tolerate that.
4. PRESENCE OF REGIONALIZED PARTIES
One of the reasons the military advanced for their intervention in the politics of Nigeria in 1966 was that the various political parties that were operating at the time were not national in nature. The entire support base of the various political parties was regionalized.
5. MISMANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY
Another accusation that was leveled against the civilian government to warrant their overthrow was that they mismanaged the economy. The economy was said to have been so mismanaged that if the military had not stepped in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
6. UNHEALTHY RIVALRY AMONG THE MAJOR TRIBES
The politicians of the day were accused by the military of engaging in tribal politics. The political practice of the time was based on ethnicity so that each of the major political parties was jostling for supremacy. This, according to the military, badly damaged national unity.
7.POLITICIZATION OF THE ARMY
Another cause of the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the army. The army was so politicized that one’s promotion was no longer based on one’s experience, qualification and training but rather on one’s political leanings which was in turn underpinned on one’s tribal origin.
8. TRIBALISM AND NEPOTISM
Another key contribution to the military overthrow of the civilian government of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Recruitment, appointment and promotion within the Nigerian Civil Service was based on “whom you know”.
9.Foreign Complicity
One cannot rule out foreign complicity in the Nigerian coup d’tat of 1966 and subsequent ones. Some foreign powers are suspected of being involved in regime change so that they can help put into power governments that are amenable to their whims and caprices.
10. Corruption and Political Development .
Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups.
NAME: IDOKO PRECIOUS KOSISO
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE/ENGLISH
REG NO: 17109760
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 106
GROUP: C (Murtala Muhammed)
LEVEL: 100
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
IN SUMMARY
Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
• The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
MAJOR PROBLEMS NIGERIA WILL 'CARRY OVER' INTO 2017
• Boko Haram
• Kidnapping
• Farmers/Herders Clashes
• Rural Banditry/Cattle Rustling
• High-Profile Corruption Cases
• Recession.
• Niger Delta Militancy
CONCLUSION
Murtala Muhammad's actions, however, the one that had the most lasting consequences was a program of transition to civilian rule that he initiated before his death. The program was carried through as planned by his successor, Obasanjo. The stages of the transition agenda included the creation of more states, the reform of the local government system, the making of a new constitution, the formation of parties. And, finally, the election of a new government. The transition process was to culminate in the handing over of power to civilians on October 1, 1979.
The main vehicle for this process was the establishment of public complaints commissions in all states of the federation and in the capital. Despite the publicizing of particular cases of abuse of office and corruption, little progress was made in stopping the spread of this cancer in the society and economy.
In February 1976, Murtala Muhammad was killed in an unsuccessful coup led by Colonel Bukar Dimka and officers from the middle belt; the coup appeared to be an attempt by middle-belt officers to bring back Gowon from his self-imposed exile and reinstate him as head of state. Obasanjo, a Yoruba and southerner, became head of state. Although unfavorably compared with Murtala Muhammad initially, he succeeded in many areas of his administration where the more intransigent Murtala Muhammad might have failed. Obasanjo became an adept political ruler, determined not to exacerbate north-south and Muslim-Christian schisms in the country.
GROUP A NO:17
ReplyDeleteNAME: EZE PAULINE CHIEGE
REG. NO: 17109937
DEPT. ECONS/POL. SCI
1. Nepotism and favoritism
Nepotism and favoritism play prominent role in ushering in military into the political process of the state, in most cases, appointment and promotions under civilian government were not being carried out based on political qualification and experience, rather they were based on political considerations.
2. Marginalization
When therefore an ethnic group feels highly marginalized by another or other ethnic group it can plan to change the status-quo through a coup."
3. Political crisis
Political crisis is another salient factor that is adduced to be responsible for military intervention in the
breakdown of civil political order arrangements, which encourage the military to take over power.
4. Inordinate Ambition
inordinate ambition of the military is another reason why the military intervene in the political process. This ambition is sometimes personal to the individual officers and at times corporate
to the whole military force. They intervene in the political process in order to protect their interest.
5. Socio-Economic Development
Socio-Economic Development According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups.
6. Corruption and Political Development.
Corruption and Political Development Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups.
7. The Centrality of the Military.
The Centrality of the Military This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored.
8. Conflicts based on issues in the society.
Conflicts based on the characteristics of society these conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime.
9.The Centrality of Military
For the centrality of the military approach, the greater the resources and the cohesion of the military, the greater the likelihood of interventions are (Mayer and Burnett, 1977). One view emphasize the sectoral interests of the military, treating the military as a potentially parasitic institution which, given its centrality to the state's claim on legitimate violence, is prone to use this to dominate politically, and especially if civilian institutions are weak.
10 . Internal Conflict Based on Characteristic of the Society
The ethnic antagonism includes cultural diversity of groups, ethnic dominance, and ethnic competition as causes of military intervention (Jenkins and Kposowa, 1992). The ethnic and other sectional rivalries among militaries may result in military interventions, which are mostly related with structure of society. Internal conflict is often associated with linguistic and ethnic heterogeneity
NAME: ASOGWA SOPULU PEPETUAL
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONOMIC/POLITICAL SCIENCE
REG NO: 17109362
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 8
GROUP: A
LEVEL: 100
A. Group Agui Ironsi FROM 1-42
1. Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
Reasons For Military Intervention In Nigerian Politics
1. POLITICIZATION OF THE ARMY:
Another reason for the military intercession in Nigeria was the politicization of the armed force. The armed force was politicized to the point that one's advancement was never again in view of one's understanding, capability and preparing yet rather on one's political leanings which was thusly supported on one's ancestral source.
2. TRIBALISM AND NEPOTISM:
Another key commitment to the military oust of the regular citizen administration of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Enlistment, arrangement and advancement inside the Nigerian Civil Service depended on "whom you know". One was not very beyond any doubt of arrangement into the Civil Service in the event that one didn't know any "Oga" inside the administration or did not have a place with a specific clan. This, the military said was awful.
3. FOREIGN COMPLICITY:
One can't preclude outside complicity in the Nigerian upset d'tat of 1966 and consequent ones. Some remote forces are associated with being engaged with administration change so they can help put into control governments that are amiable to their impulses and fancies.
4. CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:
Another incredible explanation behind military mediation in legislative issues is political emergency in a nation; like on account of military intercessions amid the Cold War in light of the fact that the socialist administrations fizzled against private enterprise and popular government
5. CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY:
This hypothesis gives the more prominent the assets and power the military has, the more noteworthy the odds of a military overthrow. A feeble regular citizen organization may incite solid military powers to assume control in the nation, this is the reason the activities of military powers ought to be observed
6. REGIONAL DIFFERENCE:
Regional contrasts are constantly given as the motivation to military mediation in the political issues of Latin America. Nigeria additionally has a few issues existing between a few states. Nigeria is where in excess of 400 clans exist together calmly.
7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
According to this hypothesis, a military intercession can occur because of doubt in the financial advancement of the nation. Socially and financially stable nations are less inclined to military upsets. Military intercessions for the most part occur in nations with low-wage status.
8. REGIONAL BASED POLITICAL PARTIES:
Various political gatherings that were working at the time were not national in nature. The whole help base of the different political gatherings was regionalised. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was upheld basically by individuals from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its help from the Western Region and the Northern People's Congress drew its help for the most part from the Northern Region. This, as per the military did not cause national union.
9. MISMANAGEMENT OF ECONOMY:
Another allegation that was leveled against the regular citizen government to warrant their oust was that they bungled the economy. The economy was said to have been mismanaged to the point that if the military had not ventured in, the economy would have slid into a chasm.
10. UNHEALTHY RIVALRY AMONG THE MAJOR TRIBES:
The legislators of the day were blamed by the military for taking part in ancestral governmental issues. The political routine with regards to the time depended on ethnicity so every one of the major political gatherings was shaking for amazingness. This, as per the military, seriously harmed national solidarity.
NAME: NWANKWO LIVINUS EBUBE
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/CRS
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 53
REG. NO: 17109900
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military regime is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the armed forces. The military is the legitimate power-holding group that centralizes political and legal authority. Military regimes, however, cannot simply be classified as governments dominated by the military, because they are seldom purely military in composition. Civilian bureaucrats and politicians generally play a role in the government, but the military always has the final say. The presence of civilians in military governments shows that military elites do not necessarily organize military regimes. Nevertheless, a military regime is always governed by a military officer, active or retired, with the support of the military establishment, and the political structure includes routine mechanisms for high-level military officers to influence policy and political appointments.
Military regimes are generally held together by their egalitarian belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people. Thus, military regimes emerge most often as products of political, economic, and societal crises to replace weak executives and governments. The most popular mechanism used to achieve this is the military coup d’état, wherein members of the armed forces remove a state’s chief executive through the use or threat of force. Once the military regime is firmly in place, characteristic features of this form of government include an intact military hierarchy, and a militarily controlled security apparatus. Military regimes also include features that would characterize governments more generally. These include institutions for deciding questions of succession, and routine consultation between the leader and the rest of the officer corps.
The structure includes the following:
1. the head of state who is the grand commander of the state under military phase
2. the supreme military council ( smc)
3. the national council of state
4. the council of ministers
5. the judiciary
6. the civil service
NAME: ODOH EMMANUELLA CHIBUZOR
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECO/POL.SC
GROUP: A
SERIAL NO: 22
REG. NO: 17109899
STATE AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS
Ten reasons for military intervention in politics are as follows:
1. Corruption and Political Development
Corruption great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups. Nigeria is still one of the most corrupt countries in the world, therefore, it will not be a surprise if the weak, corrupted politicians surrender the country to military rule. Without a strong political leader, Nigeria may fall into another military coup. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a stable economy and political atmosphere to protect the country! Military intervention in Nigerian government may only occur under weak politicians.
2. The Centrality of the Military
This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored
3. Socio-Economic Development
According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
5. Regional Differences Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states. Nigeria is a country where more than 400 tribes coexist peacefully. Nonetheless, the political climate could change. Nigerian tribes may carry out actions that will cause political instability in the country and increase the likelihood of military coups. This will however not happen if the Federal government can provide new methods of cultural exchange between the representatives of the tribes.
NAME: NWANKWO AGNES CHEKWUBE
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/CRS
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 52
REG. NO: 171010054
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military regime is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the armed forces. The military is the legitimate power-holding group that centralizes political and legal authority. Military regimes, however, cannot simply be classified as governments dominated by the military, because they are seldom purely military in composition. Civilian bureaucrats and politicians generally play a role in the government, but the military always has the final say. The presence of civilians in military governments shows that military elites do not necessarily organize military regimes. Nevertheless, a military regime is always governed by a military officer, active or retired, with the support of the military establishment, and the political structure includes routine mechanisms for high-level military officers to influence policy and political appointments.
Military regimes are generally held together by their egalitarian belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people. Thus, military regimes emerge most often as products of political, economic, and societal crises to replace weak executives and governments. The most popular mechanism used to achieve this is the military coup d’etat, wherein members of the armed forces remove a state’s chief executive through the use or threat of force. Once the military regime is firmly in place, characteristic features of this form of government include an intact military hierarchy, and a militarily controlled security apparatus. Military regimes also include features that would characterize governments more generally. These include institutions for deciding questions of succession, and routine consultation between the leader and the rest of the officer corps.
Despite the fact that military regimes are generally egalitarian, historically a variety of ideologies have held them together. Military regimes have practiced authoritarianism and free market liberalism, for example, in the military government of Augusto Pinochet in Chile from 1973 to 1990.
NAME: ODODO UCHENNA ANGELA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/CRS
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 58
REG. NO: 17109984
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military regime is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the armed forces. The military is the legitimate power-holding group that centralizes political and legal authority. Military regimes, however, cannot simply be classified as governments dominated by the military, because they are seldom purely military in composition. Civilian bureaucrats and politicians generally play a role in the government, but the military always has the final say. The presence of civilians in military governments shows that military elites do not necessarily organize military regimes. Nevertheless, a military regime is always governed by a military officer, active or retired, with the support of the military establishment, and the political structure includes routine mechanisms for high-level military officers to influence policy and political appointments.
Structure of military government and its legitimacy include the following
• Military occupation of acquired foreign territory and the administration thereof
• Martial law, temporary military rule of domestic territory
• Military dictatorship, an authoritarian government controlled by a military and its political designees, called a military junta when done extra legally
• Stratocracy, a government traditionally or constitutionally run by a military.
Military occupation is effective provisional control by a certain ruling power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the violation of the actual sovereign. Military occupation is distinguished from annexation by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.
Military government may be broadly characterized as the administration or supervision of occupied territory, or as the governmental form of such an administration. Military government is distinguished from martial law, which is the temporary rule by domestic armed forces over disturbed areas.
The rules of military government are delineated in various international agreements, primarily the Hague Convention of 1907, the Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as established state practice. The relevant international conventions, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Commentaries, and other treaties by military scholars provide guidelines on such topics as rights and duties of the occupying power, protection of civilians, treatment of prisoners of war, coordination of relief efforts, issuance of travel documents, property rights of the populace, handling of cultural and art objects, management of refugees, and other concerns which are very important both before and after the cessation of hostilities. A country that establishes a military government and violates internationally agreed upon norms runs the risk of censure, criticism, or condemnation. In the current era, the practices of military government have largely become a part of customary international law, and form a part of the laws of war.
NAME: EZEJA NNEDINSO CYNTHIA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE/IGBO
REG NO: 17109949
LEVEL: 100
D. Group Ibrahim Babangida FROM 127-170
4. Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
STRUCTURE
After the military gained political power the next thing they do is ‘abolish’ all political parties. The reason for this action is because the military sees such organizations as instruments of disunity, agents of strife, discord, and corruption. They also believe these organizations create the conditions that warrant the military intervening (Dudley 85). Nigeria’s military ruler government included:
Increased influence by political and military leaders of minority tribes
Replacement of political party leaders by the military as general policy makers;
Increased policy-making role for permanent secretaries and top echelons of civil service;
Replacement of the four powerful regions by twelve “states”
MILITARY RULE IN AFRICA
At the end of the colonialism in Africa, it was natural, that the political culture of the colonialist had been imbibed. The political institutions that were developed or borrowed were democratic ones. However, Africans were learning the operations of these institutions across the continent when suddenly in 1952, the Egyptians military overthrew King Farouk. This singular phenomenon unleashed a ‘bush-fire’ effect in Africa, for Sudan followed in 1958, Algeria, 1965,Congo (Brazzaville), 1963, Zaire (Congo-Kin-shasa) 1965, Central African Republic, 1966; in West Africa, Togo, 1963, Ghana 1966, Benin (Da-homey) 1963. The contagious effect of the coupdetat continued with Nigeria taking her twice in January 1966, 1975-1979 1983, and 1993. This phenomenon continued in Nigeria until 1999.The military had ruled for thirty (34) years out of 49 years of Independence at this time. Quantitatively many Nigerians especially the youths had lived military than civilian rule. The implications of these extensive years of military rule on democratic practices, is of course the display of military tendencies in a democratic arena. These tendencies are enunciated in the subsequent section of the paper but how did the military come to dominate the Nigeria socio-political environment for so long a period? An examination of the some causal variables is imperative at this point. The causes of military intrusion into the Nigerian polity could be grouped into Ecological and Societal factors, Extra-Societal and Contagious factors, Intra-military or Socio-Military and Miscellaneous variables. The African armies have been described as tending to be the most detribalized, westernized, modernized, integrated, and cohesive institutions in their respective states. The army is usually the most disciplined agency in the state. It often enjoys greater sense of national identity than other institutions. Its technical skill, including the capacity to coerce and to communicate, is the most effective agency in the country and a more vivid symbol of sovereignty than the flag, the constitution, or the parliament… (Lefever 1970). This is perhaps because they come from different cultural back-grounds and are wielded together in the army with symbol to look up to.
It is instructive to note that these categories overlap and relate to military intervention at the level of supplantment. After supplantment or coming into office of the military, the norms affect the society and values of the military governance. This is transmitted through a number of channels. These are examined below.
NAME:OGBU ANNASTECIA CHIOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECOS/POL.SC
GROUP: AGUIYI IRUNSI A
SERIAL NO: 25
REG. NO: 17109961
MENTION AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS
Military intervention in politics is a very common problem faced by developed and developing countries. Whether your country is democratic or totalitarian, you can still get the military forces involved in politics; this also happened in Nigeria during the period of military juntas. Let us take a look at the top 5 reasons for military intervention in Nigerian politics. The main role of every military force in every country is to protect the country from external military forces. The Army is expected to provide and construct plans for the effective protection of citizens from the external threats. The military is also created to protect the regimes and constitutional order of countries. The military is a hierarchic and authoritative structure where you cannot find any democratic features. It is very simple - you cannot be chosen as a general of the army, you can only attain this position through years of training and experience. The national army and guard is a very powerful structure. In some countries, it is even forbidden to criticize the military forces.
The following are the ten reasons for military intervention in politics and are as follows:
1. Corruption and Political Development
Corruption great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups. Nigeria is still one of the most corrupt countries in the world, therefore, it will not be a surprise if the weak, corrupted politicians surrender the country to military rule. Without a strong political leader, Nigeria may fall into another military coup. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a stable economy and political atmosphere to protect the country! Military intervention in Nigerian government may only occur under weak politicians.
2. The Centrality of the Military
This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored
3. Socio-Economic Development
According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
Asogwa Thomas erochukwu
ReplyDelete17109644
Group b
56
Question: State the structure of military government and its legitimacy
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
1. A military dictatorship is a form of government where the political power remains within themilitary where a state or country is ruled directly by the military. Different military regimescan be distinguished by the place the military hold in the decision making structure of thecountry or by the power that they handle
2. . Discipline People are more disciplined during the military rule. One of the reasons for that is the new institution of punishment! It may include punishment by death for any criminal activity. One of the greatest examples was the War Against Indiscipline implemented during the rule of General Buhari.
3. TRIAL OF CIVILIAN OFFICIALS:When army comes into power through military coup d’état, one of its duties is to try the former politicians or former leaders especially the corrupt government officials. The aim of these trials is for the military to recover every looted fund from corrupt politicians. Those who are found guilty of abuse of human right may be sentenced to prison for a duration of time.
4. ABUSE OF HUMAN RIGHT: The abuse of human natural right is common with military regime. Brutality, torture and abuse of rights are one of the characteristics of military rule. The army is known by use of force and operation obey the last order, to handle the civilian population.
5. SUSPENSION OF THE CONSTITUTION: Military government rules by decrees instead of following the constitutional order. Meanwhile, military administration is characterized by absence of rule of law, equality before the law and fundamental human rights. During military regime the constitution of the country will be under halt, the army takes over the administration of the country and governs with might and decree.
6. . Respect for Military Service :Military men can get a lot of attention during the military rule, therefore, the most respected and the most popular professions during the military rule are connected with the military service. Authority and power come only with military ranks under this rule. 5. Structure During the military rule, the structure is very simple and the highest military rank officer usually gets the highest position in the state. Therefore, the distribution of power is controlled by military ranks. The higher your military rank, the more power you have. 6. Army Military rule provides the best benefits for members of the Army. The Army can provide the best protection for the military law. Only military forces can guarantee the enforcement of military rule, however, it can be overthrown by people.
NAME: ANIH MISHACK CHIDERA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109320
NUMBER: 6
Group A
POL SC/ECONS
QUESTIONS: Mention and explain 10 reasons for military intervention in politics
1. Socio-Economic Development : According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
2. The Centrality of the Military: These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
3. Conflicts based on issues in the society : These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
4. Regional Differences : Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states. Nigeria is a country where more than 400 tribes coexist peacefully. Nonetheless, the political climate could change. Nigerian tribes may carry out actions that will cause political instability in the country and increase the likelihood of military coups. This will however not happen if the Federal government can provide new methods of cultural exchange between the representatives of the tribes.
5. Inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere. This is an irrefutable fact. In 1966 for instance, the first coup d’etat of January was masterminded by major Kaduna Nzeogwu. Nzeogwu and his cohorts were revolutionary minded officers who had the intention to attain the leadership position of the country and redirect its course of movement.
NAME: EZEMBU ZIMBUZO AKUNNA
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 7109392
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/CRS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
NUMBER: 45
GROUP: B
B .GROUP YAKUBU GOWON FROM 43-84
STATE THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is governed in accordance with the provisions of a Constitution. The most recent came into being in May, 1999, when the then out-going military Head of State,
General Abdulsalami Abubakar, promulgated a Decree recognising the new body of laws as the country's supreme document. The new Constitution is based essentially on the report of a Committee which had collated the views expressed by Nigerians on the 1995 Draft Constitution, although that report was amended by the military government's Provisional Ruling Council. Nevertheless, the 1999 Constitution is, in many respects, also similar to the 1979 Constitution.
At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966. For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not receive any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has become a long term agenda. Influential personalities from past military regiments still play a role in the more democratic government of today. Adults who were born during military rule would have a hard time adapting to a democratic run government due to the fact that their morals, views, and ideologies have been formed on military rule. Some citizens view the military as men of "discipline and responsibility". Most believe that military rule was responsible for the development of today's infrastructure. The military structure although heavily criticized for human rights atrocities, and practices of corruption did accomplish some positive initiatives. So why change from a military to a more democratic structure of governance?
Researchers argue that a military style of government of the past could affect a democratic government of the present in many ways. The norms and morals of past military officials in politics seem to transfer to officials of a democratic run government.
LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
The military is not by nature a congenial partner with democracy. It is an authoritarian regime that cannot tolerate the individual freedom and civil liberties of democracy.
The Constitution is the ultimate standard of legitimacy for military officers. They must not only understand the Constitution, but upon commissioning take an oath to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. The military government promotes human rights, and the rule of law in emerging democracies requires leadership that understands the importance of civil-military relations to military legitimacy. Leadership must be provided in military environments, which necessitates balancing the requirements of war fighting with a professional style that promotes civil-military relations.
NAME: NNADI JULIETH CHIDERA
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109715
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
NUMBER: 118
GROUP: C
C. GROUP MURTALA MUHAMMED FROM 85-127
3. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. As such, this term paper seeks to analyze three basic explanations of military disengagement in the lime light of General Abdulsalami Abubakar’s transition program stating the regimes general implication on Nigeria as a political entity.
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military.
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The analysis of Abdulsalami Abubarka’s transition program above has shown that it has fulfilled almost all of theoretical conditions stated in this work, as such, we could expect less military intervention in the nearest future, however, the potentials of popular force in a counter hegemony against the military was also applied to this case. These popular forces are the people and it is obvious that any transition process or disengagement process that is anti-people or that is not participatory and supervised by the people is doomed to fail somehow either sooner or later. The people were ready, they have heard enough of military rule, and they wanted change. Some sort of counter-coup perhaps.
One must also note that the Nigerian army on its part has introduced a program of political education, operation service alert (OSA), basically aimed at teaching national awareness and inculcating the soldiers the ethics of military professionalism. The Nigerian defense academy (NDA) is also turning out graduate officials which would make the army officials, soldier-intellectuals whose academic exposure could render the current political indoctrination exercise relevant (Huntington’s inculcation of military ethics through military professionalism)
The fact that the transition learnt from the mistakes of previous transitions programs also helped it become a success that on May 29, 1999, retired General Olusegun Obasanjo was sworn in a s the president of the fourth republic of Nigeria thus ending the years of intransigent transition politics ushering the country into an eleven year of uninterrupted civil rule which has never happened since 1966 when power was first taken over by the military. With this time elapsed, the military would have probably forgotten the feel and taste of power.
NAME: AGATHA OGEZI ENUTE
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONOMIC/POLITICAL SCIENCE
REG NO: 17109469
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 3
GROUP: A
LEVEL: 100
A. Group Agui Ironsi FROM 1-42
1. Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
1. Firstly, the inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere. This is an irrefutable fact.
2. The military also saw the political instability of Nigeria as a reason to intervene at the various time they did. Truly, the polity of the Nigerian state was heated up at the various time coups took place. For instance, prior to the January 1966 coup, the people of the western region were in mess.
3. Not that alone, electoral malpractices was one of the factors that largely engulfed the Nigerian state then. It is well known what electoral malpractices usually lead to. No political party can tolerate that.
In the western region as well, the election was partly boycotted. However, in the northern region, the election went on and the NNA mainly dominated by northerners sweeped the large majority of the federal positions.
People in the other two regions where election were boycotted called for a fresh election. There was nothing of such. Nnamdi Azikwe, the then president, had the chance to become a natural umpire to adjudicate in the case. He too failed. Hence, the magnitude of the crisis that later culminated were enormous that the barrack men could not withstand it.
4. PRESENCE OF REGIONALIZED PARTIES
One of the reasons the military advanced for their intervention in the politics of Nigeria in 1966 was that the various political parties that were operating at the time were not national in nature. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was supported mainly by people from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its support from the Western Region and the Northern People’s Congress drew its support mainly from the Northern Region.
5. MISMANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY
Another accusation that was leveled against the civilian government to warrant their overthrow was that they mismanaged the economy. The economy was said to have been so mismanaged that if the military had not stepped in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
6. Unhealthy rivalry among the major tribes
The politicians of the day were accused by the military of engaging in tribal politics. The political practice of the time was based on ethnicity so that each of the major political parties was jostling for supremacy. This, according to the military, badly damaged national unity.
7. Politicization of the army
Another cause of the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the army. The army was so politicized that one’s promotion was no longer based on one’s experience, qualification and training but rather on one’s political leanings which was in turn underpinned on one’s tribal origin.
8. Tribalism and nepotism
Another key contribution to the military overthrow of the civilian government of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Recruitment, appointment and promotion within the Nigerian Civil Service was based on “whom you know”. One was not too sure of appointment into the Civil Service if one did not know any “Oga” within the service or did not belong to a certain tribe. This, the military said was bad.
9.Foreign Complicity
One cannot rule out foreign complicity in the Nigerian coup d’tat of 1966 and subsequent ones. Some foreign powers are suspected of being involved in regime change so that they can help put into power governments that are amenable to their whims and caprices.
10. Corruption and Political Development .
Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy.
NAME: ONUGWU CHINENYENWA C.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE/ENG
REG NO: 17109592
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 141
GROUP: D
LEVEL: 100
D. Group Ibrahim Babangida FROM 127-170
4. Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
STRUCTURE
After the military gained political power the next thing they do is ‘abolish’ all political parties. The reason for this action is because the military sees such organizations as instruments of disunity, agents of strife, discord, and corruption. They also believe these organizations create the conditions that warrant the military intervening (Dudley 85). Nigeria’s military ruler government included:
Increased influence by political and military leaders of minority tribes
Replacement of political party leaders by the military as general policy makers;
Increased policy-making role for permanent secretaries and top echelons of civil service;
Replacement of the four powerful regions by twelve “states”
MILITARY RULE IN AFRICA
At the end of the colonialism in Africa, it was natural, that the political culture of the colonialist had been imbibed. The political institutions that were developed or borrowed were democratic ones. However, Africans were learning the operations of these institutions across the continent when suddenly in 1952, the Egyptians military overthrew King Farouk. This singular phenomenon unleashed a ‘bush-fire’ effect in Africa, for Sudan followed in 1958, Algeria, 1965,Congo (Brazzaville), 1963, Zaire (Congo-Kin-shasa) 1965, Central African Republic, 1966; in West Africa, Togo, 1963, Ghana 1966, Benin (Da-homey) 1963. The contagious effect of the coupdetat continued with Nigeria taking her twice in January 1966, 1975-1979 1983, and 1993. This phenomenon continued in Nigeria until 1999.The military had ruled for thirty (34) years out of 49 years of Independence at this time. Quantitatively many Nigerians especially the youths had lived military than civilian rule. The implications of these extensive years of military rule on democratic practices, is of course the display of military tendencies in a democratic arena. These tendencies are enunciated in the subsequent section of the paper but how did the military come to dominate the Nigeria socio-political environment for so long a period? An examination of the some causal variables is imperative at this point. The causes of military intrusion into the Nigerian polity could be grouped into Ecological and Societal factors, Extra-Societal and Contagious factors, Intra-military or Socio-Military and Miscellaneous variables. The African armies have been described as tending to be the most detribalized, westernized, modernized, integrated, and cohesive institutions in their respective states. The army is usually the most disciplined agency in the state. It often enjoys greater sense of national identity than other institutions. Its technical skill, including the capacity to coerce and to communicate, is the most effective agency in the country and a more vivid symbol of sovereignty than the flag, the constitution, or the parliament… (Lefever 1970). This is perhaps because they come from different cultural back-grounds and are wielded together in the army with symbol to look up to.
It is instructive to note that these categories overlap and relate to military intervention at the level of supplantment. After supplantment or coming into office of the military, the norms affect the society and values of the military governance. This is transmitted through a number of channels. These are examined below.
NAME: AGU VICTORIA ODINAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 71
REG. NO: 17109958
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military dictatorship (also known as a military junta) is a form of government different from civilian dictatorship for a number of reasons: their motivations for seizing power, the institutions through which they organize their rule and the ways in which they leave power. Often viewing itself as saving the nation from the corrupt or myopic civilian politicians, a military dictatorship justifies its position as "neutral" arbiters on the basis of their membership within the armed forces. For example, many juntas adopt titles, such as "National Redemption Council", "Committee of National Restoration", or "National Liberation Committee". Military leaders often rule as a junta, selecting one of themselves as a head.
In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies". For example, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia the threat of communism was often used. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of martial law or a permanent state of emergency.
recognition of military regimes, can facilitate coups. A “cascade effect” has been observed in some regions, whereby military rule, first established in a single country, occurs elsewhere in subsequent years, leading to cooperation between military regimes. (For example, the 1964 coup in Brazil was followed by a coup in Argentina in 1966, coups in Chile and Uruguay in 1973, and another coup in Argentina in 1976.)
Superpower competition was likely an important factor in the proliferation of military regimes seen during the Cold War. Large amounts of military assistance from the United States and the Soviet Union strengthened military capacity within allied or “client” states. Within the U.S. sphere of influence, the increased emphasis on internal security threats in the wake of the Cuban Revolution (1959) contributed to an increase in direct military involvement in politics. Since the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been a marked decline in the number of military regimes in the developing world.
Militaries are hierarchical organizations that specialize in the deployment of violence, so it is often assumed that militaries rule by force and by force alone. However, military rule often involves complicated attempts to secure some measure of consent from the governed. Some military regimes, for example, have permitted elections to national and subnational representative bodies. Others have used judiciaries, of varying degrees of independence, to approximate or simulate the rule of law. Still others have promulgated, and sometimes actually adhered to, constitutions. Even so, the application of military law to civilians and the threat or use of extrajudicial repression (such as torture, disappearances, and killings) by the state’s security forces studies are commonplace under military regimes.
NAME: CHUKWU PRECIOUS NNEAMAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 80
REG. NO: 17109738
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies". For example, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia the threat of communism was often used. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of martial law or a permanent state of emergency.
recognition of military regimes, can facilitate coups. A “cascade effect” has been observed in some regions, whereby military rule, first established in a single country, occurs elsewhere in subsequent years, leading to cooperation between military regimes. (For example, the 1964 coup in Brazil was followed by a coup in Argentina in 1966, coups in Chile and Uruguay in 1973, and another coup in Argentina in 1976.)
Superpower competition was likely an important factor in the proliferation of military regimes seen during the Cold War. Large amounts of military assistance from the United States and the Soviet Union strengthened military capacity within allied or “client” states. Within the U.S. sphere of influence, the increased emphasis on internal security threats in the wake of the Cuban Revolution (1959) contributed to an increase in direct military involvement in politics. Since the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been a marked decline in the number of military regimes in the developing world.
Militaries are hierarchical organizations that specialize in the deployment of violence, so it is often assumed that militaries rule by force and by force alone. However, military rule often involves complicated attempts to secure some measure of consent from the governed. Some military regimes, for example, have permitted elections to national and subnational representative bodies.
NAME: OCHIBE HILLARY IFEANYI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: C
SERIAL NO: 123
REG. NO: 17109676
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
1.The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
2. The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
3. The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
4. The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
The third perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. During this period, Nigeria experienced six successful military coups and five elaborate political transitions, thus out of the countries fifty years of post independence existences, the military dominated the political scene for thirty years leaving the politicians with twenty years of civil rule.
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
The 'democradura' (or 'hard democracy') problem: i.e. how to discourage the re-institutionalization of authoritarian rule within existing democratic forms.
The transparency problem: i.e. how to assure the accountability of the military and security services and of the elected politicians responsible for them; such
The amnesty for autocrats and warlords problem: i.e. how to persuade tyrants and their torturers, enforcers, kieptocrats and placemen to cede power, whilst satisfying those they have oppressed that justice is being done, and that the same injustices will not recur under a new political dispensation.
NAME: OFEGHU IFEBUCHE FELICIA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/CRS
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 59
REG. NO: 17109612
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
The military took over the machineries of government in Nigeria in 1966 in order to check the drift towards anarchy and disintegration staring the nation in the face at this period. The political leaders of the first republic (1960-66) had demonstrated ineptitude, parochialism, injustice and corrupt tendencies in the handling of national affairs and these had bred serious alienation of the masses as well as general disillusionment such that the rulers had virtually lost legitimacy after five years in office. The manipulation of ethno-religious factors for political ascendancy had noticeably become serious centrifugal forces which threatened the corporate existence of the nation. Paden and Soja (1970) observed that: Independence created a situation of competition for power largely between ethnic units, since other forms of group identity at the national level usually were not sufficiently developed to provide a wide basis of support. This therefore, partially explains why the emergent ruling elite preferred to use ethno-religious factors as the springboard for national service (Falola et al, 1994). Predictably this development caused serious crises and instability which provided excuse for military intervention. The coming of the supposedly apolitical and nationalistic military was widely acclaimed as the solution to the problems of nation building brought into bold relief by the politicians of the First Republic. However this was not to be as we will later discover in this study. For now, we need to clarify some terms like ”nation building” and “national integration” which are central to the study. We will also expound more on the nature of the Nigerian nation which the military had to contend with from 1966 as well as the characteristics of the military organization which could conceivably prepare its personnel for the messiahnic role which it arrogated to itself.
A military dictatorship is a form of government where the political power remains within themilitary where a state or country is ruled directly by the military. Different military regimescan be distinguished by the place the military hold in the decision making structure of thecountry or by the power that they handle.One of the four characteristic of military rule is military often has more cohesion andinstitutional structure than any other type of institutions of society. The military dictatorshipwas ruled by a junta or a committee that consist of several officers from military’s mostsenior leadership which representing the three service consist of army, navy and the air force who is the supreme role in the policy making. This military junta usually appoints a civilian cabinet to administer under its authority.
NAME: EZE SYLVIA NKEMDILI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/CRS
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 44
REG. NO: 17109519
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
Military involvement in politics either through military rule, sometimes referred to as military government or military regime, is a political phenomenon that has been characteristic of many societies especially the Third World countries. While it is regarded as a political aberration across the globe in recent times, it has continued to threaten many societies mostly in Africa even at this era of global “project democracy”. For most of human history, attaching “military” to “rule” would have been redundant because almost all political regimes in large societies of the pre-modern period fused military, religious, economic and monarchical powers (Badie et al, 2011).
Indeed, military rule is not a recent phenomenon because it pre-dated even the praetorianism of Roman times and was rampant during the feudal era as well as regular interregnum in the constitutional struggles of many societies, including Africa and other Third World countries especially after their political independence (Igwe, 2005). However, the separation of military and civilian powers and the development of professional and bureaucratic armed forces in European states in the 18th and 19th centuries gave birth to the contemporary understanding of military rule (Badie et al, 2011). Consequently, military interventions in politics are very common both in democratic and totalitarian regimes (Onder, 2010). The “national guard” function of the military makes it very powerful and sometimes unquestionable when it begins to exert an almost unrestrained influence in government; the height of which may involve direct takeover of the institutions of governance.
Even in developed countries, although the military is restricted to national defense and obedience to the civil authority, it still exerts significant influence on the government policies (Onder, 2010). Halprin (1975) argued that even in the United States, the military poses a unique set of problems for Presidents. Equally, Fourney (1977) observed that no individual can have a significant effect on military budgets, including presidents. The distinguishing factor between the military of advanced societies and those of the less developed societies is the strict adherence of the former to military professionalism imbued with national protection and the inability of the later to curtail its gluttonous political adventure and concentrate in the assigned function of national protection.
The military in less developed societies have, for flimsy reasons and excuses, infiltrated the political administrative machineries of the states without correspondingly fulfilling their messianic propaganda embedded in their reasons for military takeover.
Military regimes are generally held together by their egalitarian belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people. Thus, military regimes emerge most often as products of political, economic, and societal crises to replace weak executives and governments. The most popular mechanism used to achieve this is the military coup d’etat, wherein members of the armed forces remove a state’s chief executive through the use or threat of force.
NAME: EKE MARYCYNTHIA KELECHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: C
SERIAL NO: 85
REG. NO: 17109595
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. As such, this term paper seeks to analyze three basic explanations of military disengagement in the lime light of General Abdulsalami Abubakar’s transition program stating the regimes general implication on Nigeria as a political entity.
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
The third perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. During this period, Nigeria experienced six successful military coups and five elaborate political transitions, thus out of the countries fifty years of post independence existences, the military dominated the political scene for thirty years leaving the politicians with twenty years of civil rule.
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition.
NAME: EZE EMILIA CHIZOBA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: C
SERIAL NO: 90
REG. NO: 17109558
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition. Some scholar’s belief that the concept of transition should aim at laying a solid foundation for a democratic culture and politics, other views succumb to the orientation that transition primarily refers to changes in attitude, values and ethos of individuals and their collectivities. However, for the purpose of this study, theoretically and empirically understood, transition refers to the totality of our socio-cultural, political and economic processes under social change from the day of colonial contact till present. That is all the periods of struggles among the ruling class in Nigeria (which comprises of the military/bureaucratic political and business class) for state control is referred to as transitions.
General Yakubu Gowon (Rtd) announced one of such nine point program in October 1970 at the end of the civil war which his government hoped to accomplish before handling over political power to a democratically elected government in 1976. other military administrations like the Mohammed/Obasanjo administration demonstrated clearly under the three months of coming into power in July 1975 its determination to hand over political power to a democratically elected government, thus by October 1975, general Muritala announced a five-stage political program of action to bring about an elected civil regime in October 1979. General Ibrahim Babangida, after seizing political power from yet another military government (of Buhari/Idiagbon, 1984-85) in August 1985, in January 1986, announced a five year transition program, 1986-1990. The transition period was later extended from 1990 to 1992. It took exactly one year, November 1993 to October 1994 for the late general Sani Abacha to announce his transition program, the program adopted the same form as previous ones, particularly that of his immediate predecessor, General Babangida. However, major general Aguyi Ironsi and general Buhari/Idiagbon did not propose transition programs before they were outset.
The sudden death of General Sani Abacha on June 8 1998, presented one of the unprecedented opportunities for political change in Nigeria since 1970 when the military began the first attempt to transfer political power to an elected representative government. This introduced General Abdulsalami Abubakar as yet another military head of state from June 10, 1998 to May 28, 1999.
Though the activities of his transition might not have been different from others, but though little difference in approach, its politics and timing in history played a crucial role in saving the country from a possible collapse. It came at a time when the country was at the threshold of civil strife, a situation which matched that which led to the civil war of 1967-70. He was also the first military leader to take up political power as a result of the “natural death” of an incumbent military head of state
NAME: EZE MARY AMARACHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: C
SERIAL NO: 98
REG. NO: 17109280
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The analysis of Abdulsalami Abubarka’s transition program above has shown that it has fulfilled almost all of theoretical conditions stated in this work, as such, we could expect less military intervention in the nearest future, however, the potentials of popular force in a counter hegemony against the military was also applied to this case. These popular forces are the people and it is obvious that any transition process or disengagement process that is anti people or that is not participatory and supervised by the people is doomed to fail somehow either sooner or later. The people were ready, they have heard enough of military rule, they wanted change. Some sort of counter-coup perhaps.
One must also note that the Nigerian army on its part has introduced a program of political education, operation service alert (OSA), basically aimed at teaching national awareness and inculcating the soldiers the ethics of military professionalism. The Nigerian defense academy (NDA) is also turning out graduate officials which would make the army officials, soldier-intellectuals whose academic exposure could render the current political indoctrination exercise relevant (Huntington’s inculcation of military ethics through military professionalism)
The fact that the transition learnt from the mistakes of previous transitions programs also helped it become a success that on may 29, 1999, retired General Olusegun Obasanjo was sworn in a s the president of the fourth republic of Nigeria thus ending the years of intransigent transition politics ushering the country into an eleven year of uninterrupted civil rule which has never happened since 1966 when power was first taken over by the military. With this time elapsed, the military would have probably forgotten the feel and taste of power.
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime” the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive. As such, this term paper seeks to analyze three basic explanations of military disengagement in the lime light of General Abdulsalami Abubakar’s transition program stating the regimes general implication on Nigeria as a political entity.
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order.
NAME: IDENYI GLORIA ADANNE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109218
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 105
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present method of military withdrawal in advance in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the country's post-pioneer understanding. The essential completed in 1979 with the choice to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of customary native represent, his National social event Of Nigeria was re-decided to Office however immediately expelled in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Following twenty months Buhari was himself rejected by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as pioneer of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida quickly moved to set up a military position of rule inverse the standard subject masses. Not as much as seven days after his intercession Babangida authenticated the organization's affirmation that governing body required the consent of the overall public with a particular true objective to accomplish its objectives. There was dialog in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had perceived the nearness of a social contract in like manner military relations and obligations. The organization moved quickly to change the country's fiscal inconvenience and to formalize its feeling of obligation in regards to the technique of military withdrawal. Its first need was, regardless, to achieve money related quality and specific financial issues were recognized.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
1. A decrease in family age joined by a continued with increase in people;
2. A dependence on imports for both client stock and unrefined materials for industry;
3. A terribly unequal opening between the rich and poor; and
4. The significant imagined by individuals when all is said in done portion in money related activities with scarcely any strong results to legitimize such a section, a specify to the failure of parastatals these four components set the stage for following government movement concerning the economy with methodologies that wound up central to the strategy of military detachment.
By 1985 GDP advancement had supported off to a yearly addition of one for each Cent. In the midst of the oil impact of the 1970s yearly GDP improvement rates Of 10 for every penny had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was twofold digit swelling, a remote commitment of $20.2 billion, moving to $33.36 billion in October 1991, extended joblessness and a pressing prerequisite for a helper change program.
NAME: ABAEZE JACINTA OGECHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 68
REG. NO: 17109252
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
The military took over the machineries of government in Nigeria in 1966 in order to check the drift towards anarchy and disintegration staring the nation in the face at this period. The political leaders of the first republic (1960-66) had demonstrated ineptitude, parochialism, injustice and corrupt tendencies in the handling of national affairs and these had bred serious alienation of the masses as well as general disillusionment such that the rulers had virtually lost legitimacy after five years in office. The manipulation of ethno-religious factors for political ascendancy had noticeably become serious centrifugal forces which threatened the corporate existence of the nation. Paden and Soja (1970) observed that: Independence created a situation of competition for power largely between ethnic units, since other forms of group identity at the national level usually were not sufficiently developed to provide a wide basis of support. This therefore, partially explains why the emergent ruling elite preferred to use ethno-religious factors as the springboard for national service (Falola et al, 1994). Predictably this development caused serious crises and instability which provided excuse for military intervention. In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies". For example, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia the threat of communism was often used. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of martial law or a permanent state of emergency.
Recognition of military regimes, can facilitate coups. A “cascade effect” has been observed in some regions, whereby military rule, first established in a single country, occurs elsewhere in subsequent years, leading to cooperation between military regimes. (For example, the 1964 coup in Brazil was followed by a coup in Argentina in 1966, coups in Chile and Uruguay in 1973, and another coup in Argentina in 1976.)
Superpower competition was likely an important factor in the proliferation of military regimes seen during the Cold War. Large amounts of military assistance from the United States and the Soviet Union strengthened military capacity within allied or “client” states. Within the U.S. sphere of influence, the increased emphasis on internal security threats in the wake of the Cuban Revolution (1959) contributed to an increase in direct military involvement in politics. Since the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been a marked decline in the number of military regimes in the developing world.
Militaries are hierarchical organizations that specialize in the deployment of violence, so it is often assumed that militaries rule by force and by force alone. However, military rule often involves complicated attempts to secure some measure of consent from the governed. Some military regimes, for example, have permitted elections to national and subnational representative bodies. Others have used judiciaries, of varying degrees of independence, to approximate or simulate the rule of law. Still others have promulgated, and sometimes actually adhered to, constitutions. Even so, the application of military law to civilians and the threat or use of extrajudicial repression (such as torture, disappearances, and killings) by the state’s security forces studies are commonplace under military regimes.
Although part of the state apparatus, militaries enjoy a high degree of relative autonomy because of their control over the means of coercion.
NAME: ARUMONA JOY .C
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: B
SERIAL NO: 78
REG. NO: 17109101
THE STRUCTURE OF A MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power. It is usually carried out by military workers.
In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies". For example, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia the threat of communism was often used. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of martial law or a permanent state of emergency.
Recognition of military regimes, can facilitate coups. A “cascade effect” has been observed in some regions, whereby military rule, first established in a single country, occurs elsewhere in subsequent years, leading to cooperation between military regimes. (For example, the 1964 coup in Brazil was followed by a coup in Argentina in 1966, coups in Chile and Uruguay in 1973, and another coup in Argentina in 1976.)
Superpower competition was likely an important factor in the proliferation of military regimes seen during the Cold War. Large amounts of military assistance from the United States and the Soviet Union strengthened military capacity within allied or “client” states. Within the U.S. sphere of influence, the increased emphasis on internal security threats in the wake of the Cuban Revolution (1959) contributed to an increase in direct military involvement in politics. Since the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been a marked decline in the number of military regimes in the developing world.
Militaries are hierarchical organizations that specialize in the deployment of violence, so it is often assumed that militaries rule by force and by force alone. However, military rule often involves complicated attempts to secure some measure of consent from the governed. Some military regimes, for example, have permitted elections to national and subnational representative bodies. Others have used judiciaries, of varying degrees of independence, to approximate or simulate the rule of law. Still others have promulgated, and sometimes actually adhered to, constitutions. Even so, the application of military law to civilians and the threat or use of extrajudicial repression (such as torture, disappearances, and killings) by the state’s security forces studies are commonplace under military regimes.
many countries, the larger the military cabinet permit the civil service, a wider authorisation of military received in running affairs .Another characteristic of military rule is that military force is used to organised violence against opponents and the key to military rule performance is to be obedience to orders with$uestion higher authority military force use violence as the ultimate defence of state interests and against internal resistance. Due to the military’s rigid bureaucratic structure and its relative isolation from other social forces, the military is an intensely conservative structure.Although the military forces remain strongly hierarchical, there are two forces in particular which are modifying the internal dynamics of the military which are increasing thetechnologies content of modern war where instead of being mainly composed to the fightingtroops, the military forces are structured around systems of advanced technology without questioning the commands that were given.
NAME: EDE STELLA CHIDERA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109615
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 125
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 82
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LETGITMACY
ANSWER
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
MILITARY LAGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the congruity among might and right. It is a relative felt that varies in the midst of war and peace. In wartime, national survival is essential with decimation of the enemy by overpowering military power a definitive trial of military validity. In peacetime the authenticity of military assignments is directed by genuine and moral guidelines and attributes
On peacetime military activities—those endeavors other than war, for example, counterinsurgency, security assignments and country building. Battle is from time to time a key piece of peacetime military endeavors, particularly in any case times, yet key achievement is more needy in the wake of accomplishing political targets than military objectives, and basic military power is never a substitute for the nonattendance of authenticity.
Military realness depends upon open point of view of military endeavors, with the target that it is an impression of normal military relations. Abroad religious and social clashes are the most evident risks to the validity of US military powers, while in the US fundamental military issues are more simple yet everything contemplated true blue. That is by ideals of the US military is a dictator association inside a bigger part oversee society, and its total qualities, for example, contemplations of duty and constancy to the military mission—deliver a potential danger to libertarian ordinary local respects. Additionally, in light of the way that the military controls the country's most coercive forces, there is the risk that a bound military and clashing military and standard subject respects could undermine essential military relations and debilitate the validity of the US military.
NAME: OKEKE JAMES CHIKWADO
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POLITICAL SCIENCE/ CRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES
REG, NO: 1710916
COURSE CODE: POL. SC. 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
31ST APRIL 2018.
Lecturers name: MRS M.N. OGENYI
GROUP: GENERAL YAKUBU GOWAN. NO. 60
QUESTION: STATE THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND IT LEGITIMACY
A military government is generally any government that is administered by military forces whether this is legal or not under the laws of jurisdiction at issues and the government in the citizens
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT
Under the military rule the executive and legislative power are vested in the federal military government which is made up of the head of state, the armed forces , ruling council (AFRC), the national council of state and the federal executive council. In a military regime the executive and the legislative power are usually fused together
The armed forces ruling council performs these following function like: approval of the annual budget, for the federation promulgation of decrees formulation of policies in the state and maintenance of law, order, security throughout the country
THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF STATE
It consist of all the state governor and the leading members of the armed forces. They deliberate on maters of prerogative of mercy and who to grant state pardon.
THE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
The federal executive council consist of military leadership ( ie is the head of state , the head of Nigerian air forces the inspector general of police and his deputy and civilian appointed commissioners or ministers.
The federal executives council deliberate on those subject deligated to it by the AFRC or SMC sense in a sense it constitute the federal cabinets executive decisions and policies on the national level
STATE GOVERNMENT IN NIGERIAN MILITARY RULES
The state government are appointed of the head of state. They are members of the national council of state the second highest policy body making in Nigeria. In this sense they are national officers owning no accountability to the people of their state on other hands the state government act as linkage between their state and federal government, the transmit to the central government the pollution problems and the need of their state.
THE STATE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
The state executive council is the main legislative and executive organs in the state. The members are appointed by and owe allegiance to the state government or with the state governors they formulate policies on subjects which are within the state compence.
IT’S LEGITIMACY
Military intervention in politics (government derived a lot of support from the people or the electorate and the word legitimacy simply means the support at enjoyed by any regime in power in a country and it a concept that determines the popularity and unpopularity of any regime.
NAME: ODO HAPPINESS OZODINOBI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: C
SERIAL NO: 126
REG. NO: 17109395
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. During this period, Nigeria experienced six successful military coups and five elaborate political transitions, thus out of the countries fifty years of post independence existences, the military dominated the political scene for thirty years leaving the politicians with twenty years of civil rule.
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition. Some scholar’s belief that the concept of transition should aim at laying a solid foundation for a democratic culture and politics, other views succumb to the orientation that transition primarily refers to changes in attitude, values and ethos of individuals and their collectivities. However, for the purpose of this study, theoretically and empirically understood, transition refers to the totality of our socio-cultural, political and economic processes under social change from the day of colonial contact till present. That is all the periods of struggles among the ruling class in Nigeria (which comprises of the military/bureaucratic political and business class) for state control is referred to as transitions.
General Yakubu Gowon (Rtd) announced one of such nine point program in October 1970 at the end of the civil war which his government hoped to accomplish before handling over political power to a democratically elected government in 1976. other military administrations like the Mohammed/Obasanjo administration demonstrated clearly under the three months of coming into power in July 1975 its determination to hand over political power to a democratically elected government, thus by October 1975, general Muritala announced a five-stage political program of action to bring about an elected civil regime in October 1979. General Ibrahim Babangida, after seizing political power from yet another military government (of Buhari/Idiagbon, 1984-85) in August 1985, in January 1986, announced a five year transition program, 1986-1990. The transition period was later extended from 1990 to 1992. It took exactly one year, November 1993 to October 1994 for the late general Sani Abacha to announce his transition program, the program adopted the same form as previous ones, particularly that of his immediate predecessor, General Babangida. However, major general Aguyi Ironsi and general Buhari/Idiagbon did not propose transition programs before they were outset.
NAME: IYIDA BLESSING NKEMDILIM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: C
SERIAL NO: 112
REG. NO: 17109407
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition. Some scholar’s belief that the concept of transition should aim at laying a solid foundation for a democratic culture and politics, other views succumb to the orientation that transition primarily refers to changes in attitude, values and ethos of individuals and their collectivities. However, for the purpose of this study, theoretically and empirically understood, transition refers to the totality of our socio-cultural, political and economic processes under social change from the day of colonial contact till present. That is all the periods of struggles among the ruling class in Nigeria (which comprises of the military/bureaucratic political and business class) for state control is referred to as transitions.
General Yakubu Gowon (Rtd) announced one of such nine point program in October 1970 at the end of the civil war which his government hoped to accomplish before handling over political power to a democratically elected government in 1976. other military administrations like the Mohammed/Obasanjo administration demonstrated clearly under the three months of coming into power in July 1975 its determination to hand over political power to a democratically elected government, thus by October 1975, general Muritala announced a five-stage political program of action to bring about an elected civil regime in October 1979. General Ibrahim Babangida, after seizing political power from yet another military government (of Buhari/Idiagbon, 1984-85) in August 1985, in January 1986, announced a five year transition program, 1986-1990. The transition period was later extended from 1990 to 1992. It took exactly one year, November 1993 to October 1994 for the late general Sani Abacha to announce his transition program, the program adopted the same form as previous ones, particularly that of his immediate predecessor, General Babangida. However, major general Aguyi Ironsi and general Buhari/Idiagbon did not propose transition programs before they were outset.
The sudden death of General Sani Abacha on June 8 1998, presented one of the unprecedented opportunities for political change in Nigeria since 1970 when the military began the first attempt to transfer political power to an elected representative government. This introduced General Abdulsalami Abubakar as yet another military head of state from June 10, 1998 to May 28, 1999. Those ten months were the shortest, most momentous and eventful, but at the same time one of the most relaxed of all the military transitions in terms of expectations, the content of the activities and the speed which marked the handover of political power to an elected government.
NAME: JOHN PROMISE CHIGOZIE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109304
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/CRS
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 49
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LETGITMACY
ANSWER
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
MILITARY LEGITIMACY
Military Legitimacy is about the congruity among might and right. It is a relative felt that changes amidst war and peace. In wartime, national survival is basic with obliteration of the adversary by overwhelming military power a complete trial of military legitimacy. In peacetime the genuineness of military assignments is coordinated by honest to goodness and good rules and characteristics
On peacetime military exercises—those undertakings other than war, for instance, counterinsurgency, security assignments and nation building. Fight is every now and then a key bit of peacetime military undertakings, especially regardless circumstances, yet key accomplishment is more penniless in the wake of achieving political focuses than military targets, and fundamental military power is never a substitute for the nonattendance of validness.
Military realness relies on open perspective of military undertakings, with the objective that it is an impression of ordinary military relations. Abroad religious and social conflicts are the most apparent dangers to the legitimacy of US military forces, while in the US major military issues are more straightforward yet everything pondered good 'ol fashioned. That is by goals of the US military is a despot relationship inside a greater part regulate society, and its aggregate characteristics, for instance, considerations of obligation and consistency to the military mission—convey a potential risk to libertarian conventional nearby regards. Moreover, in light of the way that the military controls the nation's most coercive powers, there is the hazard that a bound military and conflicting military and standard subject regards could undermine fundamental military relations and incapacitate the legitimacy of the US military.
NWADI EBERE
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109860
DEPARTMENT: Economics/Political Science
GROUP A (AGUI IRONSI)
NO:21
MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY:- The crisis of legitimacy has remained the significant characteristic of the military interventions in politics, which created the poor situation in the country, in light of continuous military instructions in the politics. The democratic set up of the government has believed on the authenticity to the state. On the other hand, the military set up of government is believed on the physically recognition of the state and as well as on the particular regime.
2. MILITARY CORPORATE INTERESTS:- The military corporate interest is the major source of income in the country which provides the support to military officers and maintains the status of army retired officers. The interest is the real objective of the military personnel. The military corporate interest was established by a group, when they make the common links with other organization. The corporate interests of military are the profitable project which estimated value is billions of naira. The public money was transferred to military organization in connection with the increased of military contribution to the economy and control over the state and society.
3. WEAK LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE:- The weak leadership and governance has become the major source of military interventions in the politics. The causes of weak is the famous political analyst. There is a common perception of the people about the military involvement in politics.
4. FOREIGN INFLUENCE:- The involvement of foreign influence in politics is a common phenomenon of the military intervention in politics. These are the attitude of the supporter countries that deteriorate the acceptance, which was very usual global contact of beneficiary countries, who gives the wrong motivation to military self possession. This type of approach supports the military to capture the civilian power. The existing bureaucrats system of government is making the contact with foreigners supporter countries.
5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:- According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the econom.
6. CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:- Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups. Nigeria is still one of the most corrupt countries in the world, therefore, it will not be a surprise if the weak, corrupted politicians surrender the country to military rule. Without a strong political leader, Nigeria may fall into another military coup. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a stable economy and political atmosphere to protect the country! Military intervention in Nigerian government may only occur under weak politicians.
7. THE CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY:-This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored.
NAME: CHUKWUEZE BENEDETH OGECHI
ReplyDeleteREGISTRATION NUMBER: 17109495
DEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
NUMBER: 12
QUESTION: MENTION AND EXPLAIN 10 REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS
1. MISMANAGEMENT OF ECONOMY: Another claim that was leveled against the consistent national government to warrant their topple was that they bungled the economy. The economy was said to have been blundered to the point that if the military had not wandered in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
2. UNHEALTHY COMPETITION AMONG THE REAL CLANS: The administration authorities of the day were reprimanded by the military for participating in intrinsic authoritative issues. The political routine concerning the time relied upon ethnicity so every one of the major political social occasions was shaking for incredibleness. This, according to the military, genuinely hurt national solidarity.
3. POLITICIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCE: Another explanation behind the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the outfitted power. The outfitted power was politicized to the point that one's progression was never again in light of one's understanding, capacity and getting ready however rather on one's political leanings which was in this way upheld on one's intrinsic root.
4. CENTRALITY OF THE MILITARY: This theory gives the more significant the benefits and power the military has, the more unmistakable the chances of a military oust. A weak general native association may prompt strong military forces to accept control in the country, this is the reason the exercises of military forces should be watched
5. REGIONAL CONTRAST: Regional complexities are continually given as the inspiration to military mediation in the political issues of Latin America. Nigeria also has a couple of issues existing between a couple of states.
6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: According to this speculation, a military intercession can happen due to skepticism in the money related headway of the country. Socially and financially stable countries are less disposed to military miracles. Military intercessions when in doubt happen in countries with low-compensation status.
7. TRIBALISM AND NEPOTISM: Another key sense of duty regarding the military topple of the general resident organization of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Enlistment, game plan and headway inside the Nigerian Civil Service relied upon "whom you know". One was not extremely without question of course of action into the Civil Service if one didn't know any "Oga" inside the organization or did not have a place with a particular family. This, the military said was horrible.
8. FOREIGN COMPLICITY: One can't rebate outside complicity in the Nigerian topple d'tat of 1966 and following ones. Some remote powers are related with being locked in with organization change so they can help put into control governments that are managable to their driving forces and slants.
9. CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Another uncommon clarification behind military intervention in authoritative issues is political crisis in a country; like by virtue of military mediations in the midst of the Cold War in light of the fact that the communist organizations failed against free venture and dominant part run government. Debasement constantly cripples the organization and results in high chances of military topples.
10. REGIONAL BASED POLITICAL GATHERINGS: Various political social affairs that were working at the time were not national in nature. The entire help base of the distinctive political social occasions was regionalised. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was supported dominatingly by people from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its assistance from the Western Region and the Northern People's Congress drew its assistance basically from the Northern Region. This, according to the military did not instigate national connection.
NAME: IGWE EMILIA EKWUTOSI
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109827
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 107
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present technique for military withdrawal ahead of time in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the nation's post-pioneer understanding. The basic finished in 1979 with the decision to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of standard local speak to, his National get-together Of Nigeria was re-chosen to Office however promptly ousted in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Following twenty months Buhari was himself dismissed by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as pioneer of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida immediately moved to set up a military position of control reverse the standard subject masses. Not as much as seven days after his mediation Babangida confirmed the association's certification that overseeing body required the assent of the general open with a specific genuine target to achieve its goals. There was exchange in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had seen the closeness of a social contract in like way military relations and commitments. The association moved rapidly to change the nation's financial bother and to formalize its sentiment commitment concerning the method of military withdrawal. Its first need was, in any case, to accomplish cash related quality and particular monetary issues were perceived.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
1. A diminishing in family age joined by a proceeded with increment in individuals;
2. A reliance on imports for both customer stock and foul materials for industry;
3. A horrendously unequal opening between the rich and poor; and
4. The critical envisioned by people when all is said in done bit in cash related exercises with hardly any solid outcomes to legitimize such a segment, an indicate to the disappointment of parastatals these four segments set the phase for following government development concerning the economy with philosophies that injury up fundamental to the system of military separation.
By 1985 GDP progression had bolstered off to a yearly expansion of one for every Cent. Amidst the oil effect of the 1970s yearly GDP change rates Of 10 for each penny had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was twofold digit swelling, a remote duty of $20.2 billion, moving to $33.36 billion in October 1991, expanded joblessness and a squeezing essential for an assistant change program.
NAME: ABUGU PEACE IFEYINWA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POLL SCI/ENGLISH
REG NO: 17109124
COURSE CODE: POLL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILLITARY IN POLITICS
GROUP: B
NO: 69
QUESTION: STATE THE STRUCTURMILLITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY
STRUCTURE OF MILITARY
Classic military unit groupings—from ancient phalanx or hoplite formations to modern armored cavalry regiments—differ greatly in their specialization and size, and from country to country. With the United States military in the midst of a major reorganization—transformation, in the Pentagon’s lingo—here is a basic look at how modern ground, naval, and air units break down in terms of size and tasks.
Ground Forces
• Squad. A small military unit consisting of ten to eleven soldiers, normally led by a staff sergeant.
• Platoon. A platoon is four squads: generally three rifle squads and one weapons squad, normally armed with machine guns and anti-tank weapons. Lieutenants lead most platoons, and the second-in-command is generally a sergeant first class.
• Company. Company-sized units, 130 to 150 soldiers, are normally commanded by captains. They consist of four platoons, usually of the same type, a headquarters unit, and some logistical capabilities. Companies are the basic elements of all battalions. In the artillery corps, a company would be called a battery. Cavalry units refer to this unit level as a troop.
• Battalion. A battalion, usually about 400-strong, is comprised of three rifle companies, a combat support company, and a headquarters company. Battalions often blend companies with different fighting specialties to take on tasks no existing unit is properly configured to tackle. Battalions normally fight enemy forces they can see and engage. This is defined as an area extending from less than 100 yards in forests, urban areas, and other close terrain out to about two to three miles from the battalion’s direct and indirect weapons-fire.
• Regiment. Formerly a major organizational unit, the regiment was eliminated from the force structure of the U.S. Army in 1957 (the Armored Cavalry Regiment is one of several exceptions). The U.S. Marine Corps, however, does still operate regimental units, comprised of five battalions—about 2,000-strong. The British Army and many modeled on it continue to use regiments, which are the largest of its organizational designations. A British regiment generally comprises several battalions (and, roughly, is akin to an American brigade).
• Brigade. Traditionally, the brigade provides mobility, counter-mobility and survivability, topographic engineering, and general engineering support to the largest unit—the corps—and augments the corps’ various divisions. Brigades can range from 3,000 to 5,000 troops, generally three-plus battalions, led by a colonel. Beginning in the late 1990s, the U.S. Army began formulating plans to shift the organizational foundation of its ground forces from large heavy armored and infantry divisions to “Brigade Combat Teams,” which are easier to airlift and regarded as more adaptable to the many forms of combat the modern military is likely to face. This transformation is taking place in stages. While the U.S. military searches for a permanent replacement for the seventy-ton M1A3 Abrams main battle tank, these Brigade Combat Teams are centered around the Stryker vehicle, a medium-weight armored vehicle with wheels rather than tracks. Ultimately, the Army envisions all its units “slimming down” both in size and in terms of portability to Brigade Combat Team levels. The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments recently released anextensive study (PDF) of the Army’s transformation efforts.
NAME: OGBU MERCY OLUCHUKWU
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109810
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 128
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a settled in sureness that the charge structure of the military gives no space to talk, trade, intervention and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the standards of 'with rapid impact in the direct of social duty. Today, Nigerians utilize the likelihood of 'with induce influence' in social talk. The military were set up to war, disfigure and kick the bowl or get by in the meantime. In the present comprehension, the President encouraged charged the general population from his get-together to see the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket issue'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and contorting of lion's offer lead government.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military association is a one party ponder where discredit is a sickening nearness. A nonconformist is quickly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he framed a piece that was threatening to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military restricted the 'New breed Magazine' and different journalists continued on through mortification as refered to above. This method of reasoning were replicated in 2007 out of a vote based system subsequently; in 2006 May 14, amidst the viable exchange for the residency prolongation (Obasanjo required the parliament to grasp a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) uncovered the verbal confrontation live, thusly disturbing way the general population who may have discussed for the expanding. The State Security Service (SSS) caught the AIT journalists and finished and pulverized the master tape of a story entitled 'a residency expanding'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting passed on by the military to mind the foe. It is a mental technique to oversee engaging. This has been extrapolated into the vote based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as an instrument to undermine political adversaries to toe a tantamount part with the expert. Prosecution had been utilized as an instrument of debilitating. This had been reasonably utilized as a part of the revilements in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states only.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't composed to another purpose of meeting of interest or dissention. It has no family to proceed with 'security' or dissention of view on its solicitations. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and honed in the fair field. This was showed up amidst the stunning moves towards the third term of association. Any individual saw as a hindrance was panicked with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), authoritative board report and paper and the declaration of the workplace of the VP cleanse, which shapes were all around explained as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural peculiarity) by the courts.
At last the lead of predominance based decisions in Nigeria bore a sign of doing combating and occasions in a regiment state. Amidst decisions military men are made fight organized, policemen are seen all over, their sights caused fear in the general masses. Furthermore, comprehensive edges are persistently shut. Incredible sensible inconsistencies implied the course of action and execution of the races as two or three hopefuls' names were/would not be intertwined into the check papers. This was a further endeavor to contract the unmistakable quality based space.
NAME: NGWU PRECIOUS ADANNE
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL.SC/ENG
REG.NO: 17109281
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 115
GROUP C: MURTALA MUHAMMED
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
Military disengagement refers to whereby the military leaders disengage from politics and turn the government over to an elected civilian regime. States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. During this period, Nigeria experienced six successful military coups and five elaborate political transitions, thus out of the countries fifty years of post independence existences, the military dominated the political scene for thirty years leaving the politicians with twenty years of civil rule. Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely.
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is“would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime”the problem with this analysis though is who determines if a regime is unresponsive.
PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
Proponents of military disengagement have identified seven perspectives supporting military disengagement,
1. The counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model.
2. Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. these conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
• The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order.
3. Perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
4. A decrease in domestic production accompanied by a continued increase in population;
5. A dependence on imports for both consumer goods and raw materials for industry;
6. A grossly unequal gap between the rich and poor; and
7. The large role played by the public sector in economic activities with hardly any concrete results to justify such a role, an allusion to the failure of parastatals these four factors set the stage for subsequent government action regarding the economy with policies that became integral to the process of military disengagement.
NAME: EZELEKE MAUREEN CHINENYE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109650
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 99
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present method of military withdrawal in advance in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the country's post-pioneer understanding. The essential completed in 1979 with the choice to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of customary native represent, his National social event Of Nigeria was re-decided to Office however immediately expelled in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Following twenty months Buhari was himself rejected by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as pioneer of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida quickly moved to set up a military position of rule inverse the standard subject masses. Not as much as seven days after his intercession Babangida authenticated the organization's affirmation that governing body required the consent of the overall public with a particular true objective to accomplish its objectives. There was dialog in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had perceived the nearness of a social contract in like manner military relations and obligations. The organization moved quickly to change the country's fiscal inconvenience and to formalize its feeling of obligation in regards to the technique of military withdrawal. Its first need was, regardless, to achieve money related quality and specific financial issues were recognized.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
1. A decrease in family age joined by a continued with increase in people;
2. A dependence on imports for both client stock and unrefined materials for industry;
3. A terribly unequal opening between the rich and poor; and
4. The significant imagined by individuals when all is said in done portion in money related activities with scarcely any strong results to legitimize such a section, a specify to the failure of parastatals these four components set the stage for following government movement concerning the economy with methodologies that wound up central to the strategy of military detachment.
By 1985 GDP advancement had supported off to a yearly addition of one for each Cent. In the midst of the oil impact of the 1970s yearly GDP improvement rates Of 10 for every penny had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was twofold digit swelling, a remote commitment of $20.2 billion, moving to $33.36 billion in October 1991, extended joblessness and a pressing prerequisite for a helper change program.
NAME: AFAMEFUNA FAVOUR CHISOM
ReplyDeleteDEPT.: ECONOMICS/POLITICAL SCIENCE
REG. NO: 17109710
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 2
GROUP: A (AGUI IRONSI)
LEVEL: 100
QUESTION
TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN NIGERIA
1. Socio-Economic Development
A standout amongst the most widely recognized contentions relates the affinity of military intercession with financial advancement. Better (1988) contends that the thickness of military intercessions will probably diminish with expanded financial improvement status. Countries with high financial circumstances have higher urbanization, industrialization and education level, thus have expanded mass cooperation into the social exercises (Putnam, 1967).
2. Political Development
The other set of variables that explains military interventions, although related but distinct from social and economic development in a certain extent, can be grouped under the heading of political development. Strong civilian governmental and political institutions, democratic values, and so forth can be indicators of political development level.
3. The Centrality of Military
For the centrality of the military approach, the greater the resources and the cohesion of the military, the greater the likelihood of interventions are (Mayer and Burnett, 1977). One view emphasize the sectoral interests of the military, treating the military as a potentially parasitic institution which, given its centrality to the state's claim on legitimate violence, is prone to use this to dominate politically, and especially if civilian institutions are weak (Jenkins and Kposowa, 1992).
4. Internal Conflict Based on Characteristic of the Society
The ethnic antagonism includes cultural diversity of groups, ethnic dominance, and ethnic competition as causes of military intervention (Jenkins and Kposowa, 1992). The ethnic and other sectional rivalries among militaries may result in military interventions, which are mostly related with structure of society.
5. Regional Differences
Some research on the coup d’Etat in Latin America and Africa brings regional perspectives based on the argument that in those continents the coups are more likely due to diffusion effect of traditional political culture of coups. From the literature given, these hypotheses can be derived;
6. Political Institutionalization
Political institutionalization has a strong negative impact in preventing the military interventions in politics, as predicted. We conclude this since there is practically no chance that the incidence of coups and institutionalization of countries are not related (Table.II). An increase in the institutionalization level of countries results in a decrease on average in the expected value of coup when other variables in the model held constant.
7. Economic Dependency
There is little evidence that coups were caused by economic dependency. Maybe this debt-GDP is only one of the factors as such that explains out-dependence to a certain extent in terms of commodity concentration. It appears that there is statistically significant relation only between expected coups and Latin American countries. In other word, if a country is from Latin America is more likely to have a coup.
8. Structure of Society
As the homogeneity of country increases, the expected value of coup increases slightly when other variables in model held constant, but it is not statistically significant Ethnic relations are notoriously difficult to capture in cross-sectional analysis. Our measures center on ratios between different groups in general population in terms of heterogeneity in language and ethnic and other groups.
9.
Firstly, the inordinate ambition of the military to hold sway of power was the major factor for military reign in Nigeria’s political atmosphere. This is an irrefutable fact.
10.
The military also saw the political instability of Nigeria as a reason to intervene at the various time they did. Truly, the polity of the Nigerian state was heated up at the various time coups took place.
NAME: UZOR CHIDIMMA MARYANN
ReplyDeleteDEPT.: POLITICAL SCIENCE/ENGLISH
REG. NO: 17109254
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 158
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGID)
LEVEL: 100
QUESTION:
IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA (NIGERIA)
Influence of the Military Rule on the Development of democracy in Nigeria. As a result of unstable political culture prevalent in Nigeria, Nwankwo (1987:15) has asserted that Nigeria is neither a democratic nor a great country. Nwankwo further states that Nigeria is one of the most disorderly nations in the world, the most corrupt, insensitive and insufficiently placed under the sun. Nwankwo (1987) may be right if viewed from the perspective of the political instability which previously pervaded the Nigeria political system. Some of the changes in the political plain do not either conform or proceed from the rules governing organizational changes as a result of military interventions. That the military has affected the development of the political culture in Nigeria in many ways cannot be over emphasized. Having been independent for over fifty two years ago, and the military longer grip on the ruler ship of the country, it is necessary that the military has impacted much on the country’s political culture, as most of the political programmes for civilian rule had been influenced by the military. During the period, the military applied different approaches to the task of nation building from which the democratic political culture was envisaged and the foundation made. Indeed, some of the programmes were short-lived without any thing to offer in terms of pushing the nation towards the direction of developing an indigenous political culture, whereas others such as the military government of Olusegun Obasenjo, Ibrahim Bahangida and Abdusalam Abubakar actually did give the Nigerian people some direction. Indeed, it is pertinent to note that intermittent military involvement in governance had brought changes and disruptions on the path of democratic development. They made damages to the progress of the Nigerian Nation. Upon assumption of political office, the military had always presented themselves as the much awaited messiah. Based on the above, they go a long way to win the people’s mind and support. But very often this same military fall into the same crimes for which they sacked the civilian government. Military regimes are never democratic. However, even though their policies and programmes appear to be so, it is assumed that they appear so to seek legitimacy which they never had. For instance, the suspension of the constitution, and the promulgation of rush and hasty decrees are quite incompatible with democratic order. Again, under the military, the masses are always coerced instead of coaxed to obey rules or decrees. The military apply rule of men rather than rule of law. In most cases the press is not allowed to exercise freedom in practical terms, while carrying out their duties. The military discourage political education and scares the mass from political participation through the use of decrees and abuse of fundamental human rights, thereby denying the masses the opportunity to partake in resources allocation and values development in Nigeria. These vices were developed by the military in Nigerian politics and passed on to Nigerian political system as a tradition or value system, thereby affecting negatively Nigerian democratic culture.
NAME: VINCENT EZRA CHINEDU
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109261
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 67
QUESTION: THE STRUCTURE AND LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
At to start with, Nigeria worked a westernized administrative structure until the point that a military upsets was shaped and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was ousted from control in 1966. For quite a long time military authorities would be in charge of common wars all through Nigeria. Likewise amid this era, Nigeria did not get any dangers from outside nations which gave the military the sole part to stifle radical uprisings inside the nation. In the 1980's, military govern soon end up adulterated and concentrated more on individual pick up rather than philosophy. Religious, criminal and shared savagery expanded amid this day and age. Numerous authorities were arraigned of defilement Within the military government, there was no responsibility among its officers and authorities would regularly not take after guidelines and approaches and would not get rebuffed for it. They would even be re-chosen in their positions even in the wake of being prosecuted of wrongdoings.
Nigeria was under military manage from 1966-1999. Typically military run is just a fleeting activity and it is utilized to just settle governments until the point that law based procedures are put into arrange. Sadly militarism in Nigeria has turned into a long haul motivation. Powerful identities from past military regiments still assume a part in the more popularity based legislature of today. Grown-ups who were conceived amid military administer would experience considerable difficulties adjusting to an equitable run government because of the way that their ethics, perspectives, and belief systems have been shaped on military run the show. A few residents see the military as men of "teach and obligation". Most trust that military govern was in charge of the advancement of the present foundation. The military structure albeit vigorously condemned for human rights barbarities, and practices of defilement accomplished some positive activities. So why change from a military to a more law based structure of administration?
Scientists contend that a military style of legislature of the past could influence an equitable administration of the present from multiple points of view. The standards and ethics of past military authorities in legislative issues appear to exchange to authorities of a majority rule run government.
THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
The military isn't by nature an amiable join forces with majority rules system. It is a dictator administration that can't endure the individual opportunity and common freedoms of vote based system.
The military condition underlines aggregate qualities, for example, great request and train which are required in a tyrant association; however these military qualities fundamentally struggle with singular rights, for example, the opportunity of articulation which are secured by the Constitution.
The Constitution is a definitive standard of authenticity for military officers. They should comprehend the Constitution, as well as after charging promise to help and shield the Constitution against all foes, remote and household; and bear genuine confidence and constancy to the same. The military government advances human rights, and the administer of law in developing majority rules systems requires administration that comprehends the significance of common military relations to military authenticity. Initiative must be given in military conditions, which requires adjusting the prerequisites of war battling with an expert style that advances common military relations.
NAME: OCHU ISAIAH UZODIMMA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 171092745
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/CRS
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 55
QUESTION: THE STRUCTURE AND LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
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THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
At to begin with, Nigeria worked a westernized managerial structure until the point that a military bombshells was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was removed from control in 1966. For a significant long time military experts would be responsible for normal wars all through Nigeria. In like manner in the midst of this period, Nigeria did not get any threats from outside countries which gave the military the sole part to smother radical uprisings inside the country. In the 1980's, military represent soon wind up defiled and focused more on singular get as opposed to rationality. Religious, criminal and shared brutality extended in the midst of this day and age. Various specialists were charged of contamination Within the military government, there was no duty among its officers and experts would frequently not adopt after rules and strategies and would not get rebuked for it. They would even be re-picked in their positions even in the wake of being arraigned of bad behaviors.
Nigeria was under military oversee from 1966-1999. Ordinarily military run is only a transient action and it is used to simply settle governments until the point that law based strategies are put into mastermind. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has transformed into a whole deal inspiration. Effective characters from past military regiments still expect a section in the greater fame based lawmaking body of today. Adults who were imagined in the midst of military regulate would encounter impressive challenges changing in accordance with an evenhanded run government on account of the way that their morals, points of view, and conviction frameworks have been formed on military run the show. A couple of inhabitants see the military as men of "educate and commitment". Most assume that military represent was responsible for the progression of the present establishment. The military structure though vivaciously censured for human rights barbarities, and practices of pollution achieved some positive exercises. So why change from a military to a more law based structure of organization?
Researchers battle that a military style of lawmaking body of the past could impact an impartial organization of the present from various perspectives. The gauges and morals of past military experts in authoritative issues seem to trade to specialists of a lion's share run government.
THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
The military isn't by nature a pleasant unite with larger part controls framework. It is a tyrant organization that can't persevere through the individual opportunity and basic flexibilities of vote based framework.
The Constitution is a complete standard of realness for military officers. They ought to grasp the Constitution, and additionally in the wake of charging guarantee to help and shield the Constitution against all adversaries, remote and family; and bear real certainty and steadiness to the same. The military government propels human rights, and the regulate of law in creating lion's share decides frameworks requires organization that grasps the centrality of regular military relations to military genuineness. Activity must be given in military conditions, which requires modifying the essentials of war doing combating with a specialist style that advances normal military relations.
The military condition underlines total characteristics, for instance, awesome demand and show which are required in a tyrant affiliation; yet these military characteristics on a very basic level strife with particular rights, for instance, the adaptability of explanation which are guaranteed by the Constitution.
NAME: EZIKE OLUCHUKWU LILIAN
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109903
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 104
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
MEANING
The activity or procedure of pulling back from contribution in an action, circumstance, or gathering.
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
Military separation from governmental issues isn't a dichotomous case on account of the vague limits amongst military and regular citizen control in politic. Along these lines, there is a range of military withdrawal from governmental issues. The distinctive kinds of military administrations that the military makes once in control make, with respect the terms of the level and scope of mediation, its outcomes on monetary and social improvement, and the part of the military in national guard, makes it significantly more convoluted. The choice of the military to pull back from governmental issues isn't as straightforward process as it is normal due to the communications of numerous factors associated with the procedure which make diverse ideal models that the military administration may take after to surrender power or offer it with regular folks.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS CAN LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:
SOCIAL INJUSTICE: The focal proposal is that the military commitment separation nexus is profoundly established in the emergency of social equity in Nigeria. The military has mediated and separated from Nigerian governmental issues in the past on account of the powerlessness of Nigeria's fringe industrialist framework to address the issues and yearnings of the Nigerian masses. The issues which are installed in the fringe entrepreneur framework have incited the military to intercede in the political field, yet its failure to take care of these issues has then constrained it to pull back. In particular, with regards to the present withdrawal process, we contend that the procedure is bound to come up short: the military will re-mediate in Nigeria's legislative issues after a regular citizen government is chosen in 1993. This is clarified by the way that amid the present time of separation the major issues of financial equity have not been tended to.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: The issue of political shakiness in Nigeria stays unsolved. We reason that to accomplish political solidness in Nigeria it will be important to tackle certain issues which are established in Nigeria's fringe entrepreneur framework - neediness, malnourishment, and variations in salary and riches among others. So, regardless of whether the new regular citizen government in 1993 is controlled by individuals of uprightness, the issue of political shakiness won't be explained until the point when the power turns back the aggressors.
INFRINGEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military separation for regular citizen lead is if a huge bit of the masses grow such solid hostile to military and hostile to war assumptions that they begin to debilitate the military's capacity to shield the privilege of these hostile to military and hostile to war people as they will undermine the military's capacity to ensure them against less opportunity adoring powers.
In most pessimistic scenario the common masses can really make their military fall flat when it would not have generally bombed in it's assignment to ensure their power and lifestyle, bringing about occupation and expulsion of rights, for example, feedback of the military which for this situation is never again a power endeavoring to secure the flexibilities however an involving power possibly not interested in the lives of their rivals whom they'll demand are fear mongers.
All these and more are the outcomes of the activist leaving power for the regular folks. Be that as it may, in spite of all these, the issues can be called to arrange if the military government is called to control once more.
NAME: VINCENT EZRA CHINEDU
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109261
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/CRS
GROUP: B (YAKUBU GOWON)
NUMBER: 67
QUESTION: THE STRUCTURE AND LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
At to start with, Nigeria worked a westernized administrative structure until the point that a military upsets was shaped and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was ousted from control in 1966. For quite a long time military authorities would be in charge of common wars all through Nigeria. Likewise amid this era, Nigeria did not get any dangers from outside nations which gave the military the sole part to stifle radical uprisings inside the nation. In the 1980's, military govern soon end up adulterated and concentrated more on individual pick up rather than philosophy. Religious, criminal and shared savagery expanded amid this day and age. Numerous authorities were arraigned of defilement Within the military government, there was no responsibility among its officers and authorities would regularly not take after guidelines and approaches and would not get rebuffed for it. They would even be re-chosen in their positions even in the wake of being prosecuted of wrongdoings.
Nigeria was under military manage from 1966-1999. Typically military run is just a fleeting activity and it is utilized to just settle governments until the point that law based procedures are put into arrange. Sadly militarism in Nigeria has turned into a long haul motivation. Powerful identities from past military regiments still assume a part in the more popularity based legislature of today. Grown-ups who were conceived amid military administer would experience considerable difficulties adjusting to an equitable run government because of the way that their ethics, perspectives, and belief systems have been shaped on military run the show. A few residents see the military as men of "teach and obligation". Most trust that military govern was in charge of the advancement of the present foundation. The military structure albeit vigorously condemned for human rights barbarities, and practices of defilement accomplished some positive activities. So why change from a military to a more law based structure of administration?
Scientists contend that a military style of legislature of the past could influence an equitable administration of the present from multiple points of view. The standards and ethics of past military authorities in legislative issues appear to exchange to authorities of a majority rule run government.
THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
The military isn't by nature an amiable join forces with majority rules system. It is a dictator administration that can't endure the individual opportunity and common freedoms of vote based system.
The military condition underlines aggregate qualities, for example, great request and train which are required in a tyrant association; however these military qualities fundamentally struggle with singular rights, for example, the opportunity of articulation which are secured by the Constitution.
The Constitution is a definitive standard of authenticity for military officers. They should comprehend the Constitution, as well as after charging promise to help and shield the Constitution against all foes, remote and household; and bear genuine confidence and constancy to the same. The military government advances human rights, and the administer of law in developing majority rules systems requires administration that comprehends the significance of common military relations to military authenticity. Initiative must be given in military conditions, which requires adjusting the prerequisites of war battling with an expert style that advances common military relations.
NAME: IGWURUBE ALEXANDER SUNDAY
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109251
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 108
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
MEANING
The action or system of pulling once again from commitment in an activity, condition, or assembling.
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
Military partition from administrative issues isn't a dichotomous case because of as far as possible among military and standard national control in politic. Thusly, there is a scope of military withdrawal from administrative issues. The particular sorts of military organizations that the military makes once in charge make, with deference the terms of the level and extent of intervention, its results on fiscal and social change, and the piece of the military in national watch, makes it essentially more convoluted. The decision of the military to pull once more from legislative issues isn't as clear process as it is typical because of the interchanges of various elements related with the technique which make differing perfect models that the military organization may take after to surrender power or offer it with consistent people.
MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT FROM POLITICS CAN LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING:
SOCIAL INJUSTICE: The central proposition is that the military responsibility partition nexus is significantly settled in the crisis of social value in Nigeria. The military has intervened and isolated from Nigerian administrative issues in the past because of the frailty of Nigeria's periphery industrialist structure to address the issues and desires of the Nigerian masses. The issues which are introduced in the periphery business visionary system have actuated the military to intervene in the political field, yet its inability to deal with these issues has then compelled it to pull back. Specifically, concerning the present withdrawal process, we battle that the system will undoubtedly miss the mark: the military will re-intercede in Nigeria's administrative issues after a customary subject government is picked in 1993. This is cleared up by the route that in the midst of the present time of partition the real issues of budgetary value have not been tended to.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY: The issue of political precariousness in Nigeria remains unsolved. We reason that to achieve political strength in Nigeria it will be imperative to handle certain issues which are built up in Nigeria's periphery business visionary system - poverty, malnourishment, and varieties in pay and wealth among others. Thus, paying little heed to whether the new standard native government in 1993 is controlled by people of uprightness, the issue of political precariousness won't be clarified until the point that the moment that the power turns back the aggressors.
ENCROACHMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT: The military partition for normal subject lead is if an immense piece of the majority develop such strong unfriendly to military and antagonistic to war presumptions that they start to cripple the military's ability to shield the benefit of these threatening to military and antagonistic to war individuals as they will undermine the military's ability to guarantee them against less open door venerating forces.
In most negative situation the regular masses can truly make their military crash and burn when it would not have by and large shelled in it's task to guarantee their energy and way of life, realizing occupation and removal of rights, for instance, input of the military which for this circumstance is never again a power attempting to secure the adaptabilities however an including power perhaps not keen on the lives of their adversaries whom they'll request are fear mongers.
All these and more are the results of the extremist leaving power for the customary people. In any case, regardless of all these, the issues can be called to orchestrate if the military government is called to control yet again.
NAME: OKORO FELIX ONYEDIKACHI
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109848
DEPT: POL SCIENCE/ENG
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 134
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRACY
1. SOCIAL CONTROL OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the charge structure of the military provides no house to discourse, dealing, intervention and appeasement. The group action of this in social speak sent to the fore the standards of 'with fastimpact within the direct of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the concept of 'with prompt impact' in social speak. The military were ready to war, blemish and kick the bucket or get by at the same time. within the gift agreement, the President hosted charged the people from his gathering to ascertain the choice as a 'do or kick the bucket issue'. this can be appreciate social control of linguistics and distortion of democracy government.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration may be a one gathering marvel wherevercontradict is associate degree abomination. A dissident is quickly unbroken. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central newsman of a African country Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head whiskerless in lightweight of the actual fact that he composed a chunk that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military restricted the 'New breed Magazine' and diverse columnists endured embarrassment as refered to higher than. This logic were duplicated in 2007 out of a vote primarily based system consequently; in 2006 could fourteen, amid the extent headed discussion for the residency prolongation (Obasanjo required the parliament to endorse a 3rd term for him). African freelance tv (AIT) disclosed the verbal confrontation live, during this means horrifying means the people World Health Organizationmight need mentioned for the stretching. The State Military Intelligence Section 5 (SSS) ambushed the AIT journalists and halted and desolated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency stretching'.
3. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation may be a weapon of fighting sent by the military to mind the foe. it's a mental thanks to agitate fighting. This has been work out into the vote primarily basedenvironment. The Economic associate degreed money Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilised as an instrument to threaten political rivals to toe an identical give up the official. Prosecution had been utilised as associate degree instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilised within the denunciations in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states severally.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an institution is not organized to a different pay attention of request or dissention. it's no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of read on its orders. This has been carved within the mind of Nigerians and honed within the evenhanded field. This was showed amid the shocking moves towards the third term of administration. someone saw as a hindrance was afraid with the Economic and money Crime Commission (EFCC), social control board report and paper and therefore the statement of the work of the VP empty, that forms were altogether pronounced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural anomaly) by the courts.
At last the lead of recognition primarily based selections in African country bore a symbol of fighting and occasions in a very battalion state. Amid selections military men ar created fight ready, policemen ar seen everywhere the place, their sights caused worry within the common lots. Also, universal outskirts are perpetually shut. spectacular logical inconsistencies denoted the arrangement and execution of the races as a couple of hopefuls' names were/would not be incorporated into the tally papers. This was an additional endeavor to shrivel the recognition primarily based house.
UDAIYA LOVELYN ADANNE
ReplyDeletePOL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILLITARY POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
17109874
GROUP D
149
QUESTION: SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The paper seeks to explain the rationale of the militarize dispositions of politicians in the current democracy. It adopts descriptive and case history perspective, asserting that the behavioral trend is an outcome of the long years of military governance. The military rulership affects the executive, legislature, the judiciary and the civil society. The values and norms imbibe manifests in the practice of the current democracy. This explicates the use of force rather than dialogue in the suppression of dissent in ‘Odi’, and ‘Zaki-biam’, disobedience of the court orders, closure of media houses, the arrest of journalists and militancy as in the Niger-Delta . Democracy should be based on its values; the actors should learn these from the Center for Democracy, to replace the military ethos, which they display with recklessness in the democratic environment. It is instructive to note that the era of military rule can only end with good governance.
POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of battling passed on by the military to mind the adversary. It is a psychological method to manage battling. This has been extrapolated into the law based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as an instrument to terrify political adversaries to toe a comparative part with the authority. Indictment had been used as an instrument of threatening. This had been adequately used in the indictments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states separately.
2. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is an entrenched sureness that the summon structure of the military gives no space to talk, plan, attestation and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the guidelines of 'with provoke affect in the number one spot of social responsibility. Today, Nigerians use the possibility of 'with incite affect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, ruin and pass on or get by at the same time. In the present assention, the President facilitated asked the people from his social affair to see the choice as a 'do or fail miserably attempted'.
3. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military organization is a one social event wonder where repudiate is shocking cursedness. A dissenter is immediately restricted. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal journalist of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the way that he created a piece that was repulsive to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military limited the 'New breed Magazine' and various feature writers persevered through humiliation as refered to above. This influences were rehashed in 2007 of each a greater part manage government thus; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the common contention for the residency expansion (Obasanjo required the parliament to attest a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) advertised the open consultation live, in like manner alarming way the people who may have exchanged words for the extending.
NAME: UGWU ROSEMARY ONYINYECHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECOS/POL.SC
GROUP: A
SERIAL NO: 31
REG. NO: 17109
MENTION AND EXPLAIN TEN REASONS FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION IN NIGERIAN POLITICS
Military intervention in politics is a very common problem faced by developed and developing countries. Whether your country is democratic or totalitarian, you can still get the military forces involved in politics; this also happened in Nigeria during the period of military juntas. Let us take a look at the top 10 reasons for military intervention in Nigerian politics.
1. Socio-Economic Development According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups. Military interventions usually take place in countries with low-income status. Nigeria experienced this problem during the military coups up to the beginning of the 1990s. Nigeria may not be able to survive another economic crisis. The last oil war in the world forced Nigeria to develop new sectors of the economy. Without a strong and stable economy, the chances for military coup can become pretty high
2. Corruption and Political Development Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups. Nigeria is still one of the most corrupt countries in the world, therefore, it will not be a surprise if the weak, corrupted politicians surrender the country to military rule. Without a strong political leader, Nigeria may fall into another military coup. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a stable economy and political atmosphere to protect the country Military intervention in Nigerian government may only occur under weak politicians.
3. The Centrality of the Military This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
5. Regional Differences Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. Nigeria also has some problems existing between some states.
NAME: UTAZI CHRISTIAN E.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
REG. NO: 17109785
GROUP NO: 157
GROUP: D
TOPIC: SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA/MILITARY RULE OF IBRAHIM BABANGIDA.
Babangida who had participated directly/indirectly in three successful coups including the revenge coup of July 29 1966 which brought gowon to power as the military head of state and the Commander–in chief of the armed forces, made his entry into the nation’s political scene on august 27 1985.
He was 45 years old then. Sani Abacha co-plotted the coup that saw the removal of Gen. Buhari with Babangida and 23 others.
The impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa cannot be over-emphasized.
For instance in Zimbabwe, the 93 years old Robert Mugabe refused to go even after his 37 years reign as the country’s president. This almost plugged the Africa country into a civil war because the Zimbabweans were ready to pull him out of office, as thousands of them took to the streets to protest and demand the president to go and the 93 years old Mugabe were still wrestling to remain in power.
Mr. Mugabe’s effort to position his write, grace as his successor triggered fury in the military that had all those years underpinned his regime. As a result of his insistence and selfishness the military then came in thereby taking over the government temporarily so as to ensure peace and smooth transition in the country.
In Nigeria for example, was saved from imminent collapse by the then major gen-Mohammed Buhari. According to him in one of his speeches as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Armed forces, he (Buhari) also said “that the military takeover or change of government became necessary in order to put to an end, to the economic predicament and the crisis of confidence then affecting our nation”.
He smuggled power from a civilian government led by Alhaji Shehu Shagari on Saturday 31st December 1983.
Gen. Buhari and that of the Harare (Zimbabwean’s capital incident) where the country’s military took over power temporarily by keeping the rule-addicted Mugabe in a house arrest as illustrated above were just to ensure stability in both the political and economic atmosphere of the African nations.
Some reasons however gave rise to the military’s interference or incursion in African democracy:
1. Corruption in the political system: The mandate given to the political leaders by the people are often times not justified. There is always an abuse of confidence.
2. Regionalization of political parties: That none of the parties in the first republic had a national structure was due to the fact that relationship was regionally based which often caused ethnic rivalries.
3. The military offices had their personal interest and ambition: The selfish and personal interests of the soldiers is one of the reasons.
4. The neglect of the minority: Several complaints from the minority as a result of marginalization, cheating and humiliation has in many occasions led to the military takeover of government and involvement in politics.
5. The government’s insensitivity to public opinion: The invasion of the political ground/atmosphere by the military is often due to the fact that the government is so recalcitrant in the compliance or listening to the opinion of the citizens.
NAME: UTAZI CHRISTIAN E.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
REG. NO: 17109785
GROUP NO: 157
GROUP: D
TOPIC: SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA/MILITARY RULE OF IBRAHIM BABANGIDA.
Babangida who had participated directly/indirectly in three successful coups including the revenge coup of July 29 1966 which brought gowon to power as the military head of state and the Commander–in chief of the armed forces, made his entry into the nation’s political scene on august 27 1985.
He was 45 years old then. Sani Abacha co-plotted the coup that saw the removal of Gen. Buhari with Babangida and 23 others.
The impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa cannot be over-emphasized.
For instance in Zimbabwe, the 93 years old Robert Mugabe refused to go even after his 37 years reign as the country’s president. This almost plugged the Africa country into a civil war because the Zimbabweans were ready to pull him out of office, as thousands of them took to the streets to protest and demand the president to go and the 93 years old Mugabe were still wrestling to remain in power.
Mr. Mugabe’s effort to position his write, grace as his successor triggered fury in the military that had all those years underpinned his regime. As a result of his insistence and selfishness the military then came in thereby taking over the government temporarily so as to ensure peace and smooth transition in the country.
In Nigeria for example, was saved from imminent collapse by the then major gen-Mohammed Buhari. According to him in one of his speeches as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Armed forces, he (Buhari) also said “that the military takeover or change of government became necessary in order to put to an end, to the economic predicament and the crisis of confidence then affecting our nation”.
He smuggled power from a civilian government led by Alhaji Shehu Shagari on Saturday 31st December 1983.
Gen. Buhari and that of the Harare (Zimbabwean’s capital incident) where the country’s military took over power temporarily by keeping the rule-addicted Mugabe in a house arrest as illustrated above were just to ensure stability in both the political and economic atmosphere of the African nations.
Some reasons however gave rise to the military’s interference or incursion in African democracy:
1. Corruption in the political system: The mandate given to the political leaders by the people are often times not justified. There is always an abuse of confidence.
2. Regionalization of political parties: That none of the parties in the first republic had a national structure was due to the fact that relationship was regionally based which often caused ethnic rivalries.
3. The military offices had their personal interest and ambition: The selfish and personal interests of the soldiers is one of the reasons.
4. The neglect of the minority: Several complaints from the minority as a result of marginalization, cheating and humiliation has in many occasions led to the military takeover of government and involvement in politics.
5. The government’s insensitivity to public opinion: The invasion of the political ground/atmosphere by the military is often due to the fact that the government is so recalcitrant in the compliance or listening to the opinion of the citizens.
NAME: UTAZI CHRISTIAN E.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
REG. NO: 17109785
GROUP NO: 157
GROUP: D
TOPIC: SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA/MILITARY RULE OF IBRAHIM BABANGIDA.
Babangida who had participated directly/indirectly in three successful coups including the revenge coup of July 29 1966 which brought gowon to power as the military head of state and the Commander–in chief of the armed forces, made his entry into the nation’s political scene on august 27 1985.
He was 45 years old then. Sani Abacha co-plotted the coup that saw the removal of Gen. Buhari with Babangida and 23 others.
The impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa cannot be over-emphasized.
For instance in Zimbabwe, the 93 years old Robert Mugabe refused to go even after his 37 years reign as the country’s president. This almost plugged the Africa country into a civil war because the Zimbabweans were ready to pull him out of office, as thousands of them took to the streets to protest and demand the president to go and the 93 years old Mugabe were still wrestling to remain in power.
Mr. Mugabe’s effort to position his write, grace as his successor triggered fury in the military that had all those years underpinned his regime. As a result of his insistence and selfishness the military then came in thereby taking over the government temporarily so as to ensure peace and smooth transition in the country.
In Nigeria for example, was saved from imminent collapse by the then major gen-Mohammed Buhari. According to him in one of his speeches as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Armed forces, he (Buhari) also said “that the military takeover or change of government became necessary in order to put to an end, to the economic predicament and the crisis of confidence then affecting our nation”.
He smuggled power from a civilian government led by Alhaji Shehu Shagari on Saturday 31st December 1983.
Gen. Buhari and that of the Harare (Zimbabwean’s capital incident) where the country’s military took over power temporarily by keeping the rule-addicted Mugabe in a house arrest as illustrated above were just to ensure stability in both the political and economic atmosphere of the African nations.
Some reasons however gave rise to the military’s interference or incursion in African democracy:
1. Corruption in the political system: The mandate given to the political leaders by the people are often times not justified. There is always an abuse of confidence.
2. Regionalization of political parties: That none of the parties in the first republic had a national structure was due to the fact that relationship was regionally based which often caused ethnic rivalries.
3. The military offices had their personal interest and ambition: The selfish and personal interests of the soldiers is one of the reasons.
4. The neglect of the minority: Several complaints from the minority as a result of marginalization, cheating and humiliation has in many occasions led to the military takeover of government and involvement in politics.
5. The government’s insensitivity to public opinion: The invasion of the political ground/atmosphere by the military is often due to the fact that the government is so recalcitrant in the compliance or listening to the opinion of the citizens.
EMMANUEL JANE CHIDIMMA
ReplyDelete171010049
POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILLITARY POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
162
GROUP D
QUESTION: SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
This study intends to give an analysis of the implication of the military rule in development of a democratic political culture in Nigerian political system. The study used secondary data, and adopted content analysis for analyzing the data. The study covers the period of 1960-1999, with focus on military activities in the political industry, and its impact on Nigerian political culture. The study shows that the first political experiment after independence was disrupted by military intervention in Nigeria. And over the years, it has been from one military rule to another, from 1966 – 1979, and 1983 – 1999. Nigeria witnessed military dictatorship without adequate preparation to develop a democratic political culture that could be enduring. This is on account of political squabbles and corrupt practices that do not help in the sustenance of true democratic principles. Nigeria ought to have had solid democratic political culture and thus set the pace for other African nations to emulate. Unfortunately, the protracted military rule has inflicted the political system with several political challenges, thereby developing a poor political culture that does not grantee stability in the system.
NAME: EZEMA EZINNE IRENE
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE/ENG
REG NO: 17109096
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
NUMBER: 101
GROUP: C
LEVEL: 100
ABSTRACT
This research work investigates the issue of the military's disengagement from Nigerian politics. The central point is that the military engagement-disengagement nexus is deeply rooted in the crisis of social justice in Nigeria. The military has intervened and disengaged from Nigerian politics in the past because of the inability of Nigeria's peripheral capitalist system to meet the needs and aspirations of the Nigerian masses. The problems which are embedded in the peripheral capitalist system have prompted the military to intervene in the political arena, but its inability to solve these problems has then forced it to withdraw. Specifically, in the context of the current disengagement process, we argue that the process is doomed to fail: the military will re-intervene in Nigeria's politics after a civilian government is elected in 1993. This is explained by the fact that during the current period of disengagement the fundamental issues of socio-economic justice have not been addressed. The problem of political instability in Nigeria remains unsolved. We conclude that to achieve political stability in Nigeria it will be necessary to solve certain problems which are rooted in Nigeria's peripheral capitalist system - poverty, malnourishment, and disparities in income and wealth among others. In short, even if the new civilian government in 1993 is run by people of integrity, the problem of political instability will not be solved until the question of social justice is addressed and resolved.
THE PROBLEMS OF DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIAN POLITICS
Nigerian military regimes evince no less corruption than civilian governments. There is a pervasive feeling in Nigeria that, in reality, the level of corruption and mismanagement is much higher under military rule than under civilian governments. This has created a cynical attitude among many Nigerians that the only reason why the military relinquishes power is the desire of military officers to retire from government in order to enjoy the loot which they appropriate while in office.
Listed below are some of the problems of disengagement in Nigeria politics
1. Military’s claim to moral superiority has served the military well by providing a rationale for its intervention in politics, it is now apparent that this claim is patently false. Moreover, decades of military rule have shown conclusively that what is in the interest of the military is not necessarily in the interest of Nigeria. For instance, thousands of millions of naira have been spent on the military. Yet, many Nigerians feel less secure today than they did before the advent of military rule.
2. In the second place, most senior military officers have grown fabulously wealthy, even as Nigeria is becoming poorer as country.
3. Despite viewing itself as Nigeria’s political messiah, the Nigerian military is incapable of fundamentally transforming Nigerian society. In the first place, its understanding of the root causes of the country’s problems is naive and shallow.
4. Second, being part of the dominant class, the military is as implicated in the crises as the civilian faction of the dominant class. The military, given its track record of massive corruption, mismanagement, and abuse of office does not stand on a higher moral platform from which to preach against immorality or to offer guidance on ethics for civilian politicians.
5. Moreover, corruption, indiscipline, etc., as bad as they are in Nigeria, are not the causes of democratic instability in Nigeria. They are the symptoms of the crisis of underdevelopment. As Falola & Ihonvbere (985, p. 229) have pointed out, such problems arc direct and indirect manifestations of the distinctive nature of Nigeria’s peripheral capitalism as well as its dependent location.
NAME: UKWUEZE EMMANUEL IZUCHUKWU
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: D
SERIAL NO: 155
REG. NO: 17109894
SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The military rulership affects the executive, legislature, the judiciary and the civil society. The values and norms imbibe manifests in the practice of the current democracy. This explicates the use of force rather than dialogue in the suppression of dissent in ‘Odi’, and ‘Zaki-biam’, disobedience of the court orders, closure of media houses, the arrest of journalists and militancy as in the Niger-Delta . Democracy should be based on its values; the actors should learn these from the Center for Democracy, to replace the military ethos, which they display with recklessness in the democratic environment. It is instructive to note that the era of military rule can only end with good governance.
The practice of democracy in Nigeria in the last eight years has raised considerable issues, one of which is the overt display of ‘militarized political culture’ in the democratic space. Why is the political behavior of the supposed statesmen in a democratic setting essentially that of ‘active-combative posture’ rather than dialogue, negotiation and reconciliation as demanded by democratic tenets? Why should politicians, some of whom had never been in the military, act in the democratic space as garrison commanders? At the same time, why should politics be pursued as if it is warfare? The purpose of this paper is to offer both an explanation for the behavior of the political actors in the democratic era since 1999, and to set the conditions necessary for change if any. The evaluation of this phenomenon and its implication for democratic development is the concern of this paper. However, it is also the contention of this paper that the current behavior by political leaders and that of the followers at the national, state, local governments’ levels respectively, are accounted for by the militarization of the civic political culture through political osmotic processes.
In order to further demonstrate the dialectics of militarism and the vicious circle it generates, a diagram is presented below for proper understanding of the immobilization in the Nigerian state as a result of considerable military culture imbibed. Figure 1, shows the Nigerian social system in which the military is at the level of supplantment or governance. Due to consistent rule, its ethos permeates the society, and many people internalized the military ways of conducting businesses, in military vocabulary etc. The militarization of the social forces, led eventually to the economic underdevelopment because the military were not trained for governance in several respects. The economic underdevelopment leads to discontent in the system and a praetorian social situation is created. Social upheaval and discontent characterized this state of affairs but were suppressed. As Samuel Huntington (1968) and Decalo (1976) opined, the soldiers also coup and the circle is vicious.
NAME: OMEJE PASCHAL ONYEBUCHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL. SC/ENG
GROUP: D
SERIAL NO: 135
REG. NO: 17101065
SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
The salient impact of militarization in Nigerian democracy included but not limited to the ones discussed below as:
i) Militarisation of Vocabulary of Engagement It is a known fact that the command structure of the military gives no room to dialogue, negotiation, arbitration and conciliation. The absence of this in social discourse brought to the fore the principles of ‘with immediate effect’ in the conduct of social engagement. Today, Nigerians employ the concept of ‘with immediate effect’ in social discourse. The military were trained to war, maim and die or survive in the process. In the current dispensation, the President had enjoined the members of his party to regard the election as a ‘do or die affair’. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and aberration of democracy.
ii) Freedom of Expression The military governance is a one party phenomenon where dissent is an anathema. A dissenter is promptly detained. ‘Miniere Amakiri’ a chief correspondent of a Nigerian Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved just because he wrote a piece that was distasteful to the former Governor of Rivers State ‘Alfred Diete Spiff’, in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military proscribed the ‘Newbreed Magazine’ and many journalists suffered humiliation as cited above. This dialectics were replicated in 2007 in a democracy thus; in 2006 May 14, during the debate for the tenure elongation (Obasanjo wanted the parliament to approve a 3rd term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) aired the debate live, thereby scaring way those who would have debated in favor of the elongation.
iii) Political Intimidation: Intimidation is a weapon of warfare deployed by the military to psyche the enemy. It is a psychological approach to warfare. This has been extrapolated into the democratic milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as a mechanism to intimidate political opponents to toe the same part with the executive. Impeachment had been used as an instrument of intimidation.
NAME: ODEH NKECHINYERE JANE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109509
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 56
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present technique for military withdrawal ahead of time in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the nation's post-pioneer understanding. The fundamental finished in 1979 with the decision to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of standard local speak to, his National get-together Of Nigeria was re-chosen to Office however instantly removed in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Following twenty months Buhari was himself dismissed by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as pioneer of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida immediately moved to set up a military position of lead opposite the standard subject masses. Not as much as seven days after his intervention Babangida validated the association's attestation that representing body required the assent of the general open with a specific genuine goal to achieve its destinations. There was exchange in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had seen the closeness of a social contract in like way military relations and commitments. The association moved rapidly to change the nation's monetary burden and to formalize its sentiment commitment concerning the method of military withdrawal. Its first need was, in any case, to accomplish cash related quality and particular money related issues were perceived.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
1. A reduction in family age joined by a proceeded with increment in individuals;
2. A reliance on imports for both customer stock and foul materials for industry;
3. A awfully unequal opening between the rich and poor; and
4. The noteworthy envisioned by people when all is said in done bit in cash related exercises with barely any solid outcomes to legitimize such an area, an indicate to the disappointment of parastatals these four segments set the phase for following government development concerning the economy with techniques that injury up key to the methodology of military separation.
By 1985 GDP headway had bolstered off to a yearly expansion of one for every Cent. Amidst the oil effect of the 1970s yearly GDP change rates Of 10 for each penny had been recorded. By the mid-190 there was twofold digit swelling, a remote responsibility of $20.2 billion, moving to $33.36 billion in October 1991, broadened joblessness and a squeezing essential for an assistant change program.
NAME: ONAH MIRACLE EBUBECHI
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL.SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: MILITARY IN POLITIES
REG. NO: 17109935
LEVEL: 100
DATE: 28/4/2018
QUESTION
SPECIFY THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
ANSWER
On August 27, 1985Brigadier Joshua Dogonyaro announced the over throw of Buhari regime as a result of being accused of misuse of power. In 1986 Ibrahim Babangida Came into power as the head of state. His administration set up a political Bureau headed by Professor Sam cookery to chart a new political model for the nation on July 25, 1987 the regime set up mass mobilization for social justice, self reliance and economic recovery (MAMSER) with the sole aim of mobilizing and awaken Nigerian youths and citizens to their rights, duties and obligation. It is important to know that the political Bureau recommended socialist Ideology and unicameral legislature but the military government rejected it.
The regime promised to return the nation to civilian rule by the 3rd quarter of 1992 in pursuit of the futile transition to civil rule. The Regime in 1987 set up a 46 member constitution review committee under the chairmanship of Justice Buba Ardo to review the constitution after the celebration, the committee elected 450 out of 567 members of constituent assembly which served as the electoral college. In 1987, election on non party basis (zero party system) was conducted into local government also in 1987 the National Electoral Commission (NEC)was formed on may 3, 1989 the ban on partisan politics was lifted and the NEC was directed to commerce it’s electoral duties as provided in Decree No. 23 of 1987 and amended by decree No.8of 1989. The NEC of 13 political associations that applied for registration as political party recommended only six (6) as having met the requirement but the federal military government rejected then on October 7, 1989 General Babagida announced the formation of two government sponsor political parties which are Social Democratic party and National republican convention. The two state created and founded parties were basically identical. Between 1989 and 1992 Elections despite Babangida’s banning and unbanning of politicians, as well as annulment of party primaries, were conducted into some tiers of government election on non party basis was conducted into L.G.A in 1987 and on partisan basis on December 8, 1989. Guber national election and state houses of assembly elections were held in July 1992. On June 12, 1993 a free and fair presidential election was conducted but the military on baseless ground annulled the election on June 26, 1993.
On August 27, 1993, general IBB stepped aside and handed over power to an interim national government headed by Chief Ernest Shonelcan with General Sani Abacha as the defense secretary.
General IBB was the military head of state to take the title president, he was addressed as president Ibrahim Babangida.
It is important to know that the regime introduced
• MEMSER in 1987, to awaken the citizens to their rights.
• The regime in 1987 created national electoral a commission (NEC) to organic and conduct election.
• The regime in 1989 created two political parties NRS and SDP and established a two party system.
• The regime in 1986, set up a political bureau
• The regime set up centre for democratic study headed by professor Omo Omoruyi.
• The regime conducted elections into various revels L.G, state and national assembly.
NAME: EKE VALENTINE UZODIMMA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL.SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: MILITARY IN POLITIES
REG. NO: 17109823
LEVEL: 100
DATE: 28/4/2018
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting conveyed by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the popularity based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as a system to scare political adversaries to toe a similar part with the official. Indictment had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the prosecutions in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where disagree is an utter detestation. A nonconformist is quickly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved on the grounds that he composed a piece that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military prohibited the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured mortification as refered to above. This persuasions were repeated in 2007 of every a majority rule government in this way; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency lengthening (Obasanjo needed the parliament to favor a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the civil argument live, in this way terrifying way the individuals who might have bantered for the lengthening. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT journalists and ceased and annihilated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency extension'.
3. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the order structure of the military gives no space to exchange, arrangement, assertion and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with quick impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, mutilate and pass on or get by simultaneously. In the present allotment, the President hosted ordered the individuals from his get-together to view the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and variation of majority rule government.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its mandates. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and rehearsed in the vote based field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), authoritative board report and newspaper and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether announced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural abnormality) by the courts.
At long last the direct of majority rule races in Nigeria bore a sign of fighting and occasions in an army state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over, their sights induced dread in the common masses. Also, universal fringes are constantly shut. Extensive inconsistencies denoted the planning and execution of the decisions as a few applicants' names were/would not be incorporated into the vote papers.
NAME: EKE VALENTINE UZODIMMA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL.SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: MILITARY IN POLITIES
REG. NO: 17109823
LEVEL: 100
DATE: 28/4/2018
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting conveyed by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the popularity based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as a system to scare political adversaries to toe a similar part with the official. Indictment had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the prosecutions in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where disagree is an utter detestation. A nonconformist is quickly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved on the grounds that he composed a piece that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military prohibited the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured mortification as refered to above. This persuasions were repeated in 2007 of every a majority rule government in this way; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency lengthening (Obasanjo needed the parliament to favor a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the civil argument live, in this way terrifying way the individuals who might have bantered for the lengthening. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT journalists and ceased and annihilated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency extension'.
3. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the order structure of the military gives no space to exchange, arrangement, assertion and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with quick impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, mutilate and pass on or get by simultaneously. In the present allotment, the President hosted ordered the individuals from his get-together to view the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and variation of majority rule government.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its mandates. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and rehearsed in the vote based field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), authoritative board report and newspaper and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether announced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural abnormality) by the courts.
At long last the direct of majority rule races in Nigeria bore a sign of fighting and occasions in an army state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over, their sights induced dread in the common masses. Also, universal fringes are constantly shut. Extensive inconsistencies denoted the planning and execution of the decisions as a few applicants' names were/would not be incorporated into the vote papers.
NAME: EKE VALENTINE UZODIMMA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: POL.SC/ENG
COURSE CODE: MILITARY IN POLITIES
REG. NO: 17109823
LEVEL: 100
DATE: 28/4/2018
QUESTION:
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of fighting conveyed by the military to mind the adversary. It is a mental way to deal with fighting. This has been extrapolated into the popularity based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been utilized as a system to scare political adversaries to toe a similar part with the official. Indictment had been utilized as an instrument of terrorizing. This had been effectively utilized in the prosecutions in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states individually.
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military administration is a one gathering marvel where disagree is an utter detestation. A nonconformist is quickly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a central reporter of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved on the grounds that he composed a piece that was offensive to the previous Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military prohibited the 'New breed Magazine' and numerous columnists endured mortification as refered to above. This persuasions were repeated in 2007 of every a majority rule government in this way; in 2006 May 14, amid the level headed discussion for the residency lengthening (Obasanjo needed the parliament to favor a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) disclosed the civil argument live, in this way terrifying way the individuals who might have bantered for the lengthening. The State Security Service (SSS) ambushed the AIT journalists and ceased and annihilated the ace tape of a narrative entitled 'a residency extension'.
3. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is a well established certainty that the order structure of the military gives no space to exchange, arrangement, assertion and placation. The nonattendance of this in social talk conveyed to the fore the standards of 'with quick impact in the lead of social commitment. Today, Nigerians utilize the idea of 'with prompt impact' in social talk. The military were prepared to war, mutilate and pass on or get by simultaneously. In the present allotment, the President hosted ordered the individuals from his get-together to view the decision as a 'do or kick the bucket undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and variation of majority rule government.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as a foundation isn't arranged to another focal point of request or dissention. It has no family to endure 'resistance' or dissention of view on its mandates. This has been engraved in the mind of Nigerians and rehearsed in the vote based field. This was showed amid the scandalous moves towards the third term of administration. Any individual saw as a hindrance was scared with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), authoritative board report and newspaper and the statement of the workplace of the VP empty, which forms were altogether announced as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural abnormality) by the courts.
At long last the direct of majority rule races in Nigeria bore a sign of fighting and occasions in an army state. Amid decisions military men are made fight prepared, policemen are seen all over, their sights induced dread in the common masses. Also, universal fringes are constantly shut. Extensive inconsistencies denoted the planning and execution of the decisions as a few applicants' names were/would not be incorporated into the vote papers.
NAME: EZE ESTHER CHINYEREM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL.SC/CRS
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
REG NO: 17109817
LEVEL: 100
SEMESTER: SECOND SEMESTER
GROUP B: NO 43
QUESTION
STATE THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND IT LEGITIMACY OF GENERAL YAKUBU GOWON
ANSWER
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966. For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not receive any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
Nigeria was under military rule from 1966-1999. Usually military rule is only a short term initiative and it is used to only stabilize governments until democratic processes are put into order. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has become a long term agenda. Influential personalities from past military regiments still play a role in the more democratic government of today. Adults who were born during military rule would have a hard time adapting to a democratic run government due to the fact that their morals, views, and ideologies have been formed on military rule. Some citizens view the military as men of "discipline and responsibility". Most believe that military rule was responsible for the development of today's infrastructure. The military structure although heavily criticized for human rights atrocities, and practices of corruption did accomplish some positive initiatives. So why change from a military to a more democratic structure of governance?
Researchers argue that a military style of government of the past could affect a democratic government of the present in many ways. The norms and morals of past military officials in politics seem to transfer to officials of a democratic run government.
LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
The military is not by nature a congenial partner with democracy. It is an authoritarian regime that cannot tolerate the individual freedom and civil liberties of democracy.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
The Constitution is the ultimate standard of legitimacy for military officers. They must not only understand the Constitution, but upon commissioning take an oath to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. The military government promotes human rights, and the rule of law in emerging democracies requires leadership that understands the importance of civil-military relations to military legitimacy. Leadership must be provided in military environments, which necessitates balancing the requirements of war fighting with a professional style that promotes civil-military relations.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
NAME: EZE ESTHER CHINYEREM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL.SC/CRS
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
REG NO: 17109817
LEVEL: 100
SEMESTER: SECOND SEMESTER
GROUP B: NO 43
QUESTION
STATE THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND IT LEGITIMACY OF GENERAL YAKUBU GOWON
ANSWER
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
At first, Nigeria operated a westernized governmental structure until a military coups was formed and the late Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was overthrown from power in 1966. For decades military officials would be responsible for civil wars throughout Nigeria. Also during this time period, Nigeria did not receive any threats from foreign countries which gave the military the sole role to suppress radical uprisings within the country. In the 1980's, military rule soon become corrupted and focused more on personal gain instead of ideology. Religious, criminal and communal violence increased during this time period. Many officials were indicted of corruption Within the military government, there was no accountability among its officers and officials would often not follow rules and policies and would not get punished for it. They would even be re-elected in their positions even after being indicted of crimes.
Nigeria was under military rule from 1966-1999. Usually military rule is only a short term initiative and it is used to only stabilize governments until democratic processes are put into order. Unfortunately militarism in Nigeria has become a long term agenda. Influential personalities from past military regiments still play a role in the more democratic government of today. Adults who were born during military rule would have a hard time adapting to a democratic run government due to the fact that their morals, views, and ideologies have been formed on military rule. Some citizens view the military as men of "discipline and responsibility". Most believe that military rule was responsible for the development of today's infrastructure. The military structure although heavily criticized for human rights atrocities, and practices of corruption did accomplish some positive initiatives. So why change from a military to a more democratic structure of governance?
Researchers argue that a military style of government of the past could affect a democratic government of the present in many ways. The norms and morals of past military officials in politics seem to transfer to officials of a democratic run government.
LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
The military is not by nature a congenial partner with democracy. It is an authoritarian regime that cannot tolerate the individual freedom and civil liberties of democracy.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
The Constitution is the ultimate standard of legitimacy for military officers. They must not only understand the Constitution, but upon commissioning take an oath to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. The military government promotes human rights, and the rule of law in emerging democracies requires leadership that understands the importance of civil-military relations to military legitimacy. Leadership must be provided in military environments, which necessitates balancing the requirements of war fighting with a professional style that promotes civil-military relations.
The military environment emphasizes collective values such as good order and discipline which are required in an authoritarian organization; but these military values necessarily conflict with individual rights such as the freedom of expression which are protected by the Constitution.
NAME: ONUNZE INNOCENT IZUCHUKWU
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109164
DEPT: POL/ENG
GROUP: D
NUMBER: 142
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
At the end of the colonialism in Africa, it was natural, that the political culture of the colonialist had been imbibed. The political institutions that were developed or borrowed were democratic ones. However, Africans were learning the operations of these institutions across the continent when suddenly in 1952, the Egyptiansmilitary overthrew King Farouk. This singular phenomenon unleashed a ‘bush-fire’ effect in Africa, for Sudan followed in 1958, Algeria, 1965,
Congo (Brazzaville), 1963, Zaire (Congo-Kinshasa) 1965, Central African Republic, 1966; in West Africa, Togo, 1963, Ghana 1966, Benin (Dahomey) 1963. The contagious effect of the coup d’etat continued with Nigeria taking her twice in January 1966, 1975-1979 1983, and 1993.Thisphenomenon continued in Nigeria until 1999.The military had ruled for thirty (34) years out of49 years of Independence at this time. Quantitatively many Nigerians especially the youths had lived military than civilian rule. The implications of these extensive years of military rule on democratic practices, is of course the display of military tendencies in a democratic arena. These tendencies are enunciated in the subsequentsection of the paper but how did the military come to dominate the Nigeria socio-political environment for so long a period? An examinationof the some causal variables is imperative at this point. The causes of military intrusion into the Nigerian polity could be grouped into Ecological and Societal factors, Extra-Societal and Contagious factors, Intra-military or Socio-Military and Miscellaneous variables. The African armies have been described as tending to be the most detribalized, westernized, modernized, integrated, and cohesive institutions in their respective states. The army is usually the most disciplined agency in the state. It often enjoys greater sense of national identity than other institutions. Its technical skill, including the capacity to coerceand to communicate, is the most effective agency in the country and a more vivid symbol of sovereignty than the flag, the constitution, or the parliament… (Lefever 1970). This is perhaps because they come from different cultural backgrounds and are wielded together in the army with symbol to look up to.It is instructive to note that these categories overlap and After supplantment or coming into office ofrelate to military intervention at the level of supplantment. the military, the norms affect the society and values of the military governance. These are examined below.Military Values and Norms The military as an organization has its values and norms, which has made it a unique organization. These values and norms are trans-ferred to the larger society during military governance. The adoption of these values and norms within a democratic setup is hereby refereed to the dialectics of military governance. In the ex-position of the military values and norms, it was observed that the military is a puritanical orga-nization, and that the training which men receive in this institution and subsequent military expe-rience imbues them with austere attitudes and a high sense of discipline and responsibility (Hun-tington 1962). It is perhaps these values, which enabled the military in Nigeria to be able to execute the various National Development Plans in Nigeria. They gave birth to the most enduring infrastructures in Nigeria today. It has been said that the education and training make them professional men.
NAME IGWURUBE CECILIA IFEOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT POL SC/ C.R.S
LEVEL 100
REG NO 17109241
GROUP B YOKUBU GOWO N
DATE 30/4/2018
NUMBER 48
QUESTION:
State the structure of military government and its legitimacy.
ANSWER:
Military government is a system of government that is administrated by military forces. Nigeria was under military rule from 1966-1999. In military government, the soldiers were both the requesting and approving authorities. Structure of military was government under military. On May 24th, 1966 the federal executive council was renamed central executive council. This was as a result of abolition of federal system of government, and the substitution of unitary system of government by the supreme commander of Nigeria Armed Forces, the national military government started to legislated for the whole country.
Within the military system, there was no accountability among its officers and official world not get punished for it. They will even be re-elected in their position after being indicated for crimes.
Military rules was corrupted and focused more on federal gain instead of ideology, Religious criminal and communal violence increased during this period. Many officials were indicated of corruption. Many issues continue to arise around Nigeria and when one issue was addressed by the military government, other issues would arise.
Their power was based on combat instead of based on ideology. Military operations in the late 1970s were based on fear that civilians had different ideals or opinions from the government their goal was to combat radicalism within communities.
Ezeme Charity Odinaka
ReplyDeletePol. Sci/Eng
16108327
Pol. 223
Foreign Policy
A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis.
Examples of foreign policy
War!
This is the largest foreign policy a country can do. Thus most nations have armed forces of some form. Sending your troops in to enforce your dictats is the ultimate foreign policy. Nations form alliances to increase their strength especially when dealing with others
Trade
Nations sell stuff. And a lot of money is involved. Nations tax this in some form, and also have regulations about import of goods. For some nations lack of trade would decimate them - i.e. New Zealand. Thus nations trade policy will be a major part of their foreign policy.
Recognition
Recognition of another nation is a big thing. And makes relations between to nations much easier.
China (People’s Republic of) will not recognize any nation which recognizes China (Republic of - aka Taiwan). Most nation states recognize China (not Taiwan) because it is so big compared Taiwan - although a few states still recognize China (Republic of) - and face distain by China (Peoples Republic of). Size of State Territory:
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
The size of a state
The size of a state is an important factor of its Foreign Policy. Size influences the psychological and operational environment within which the foreign policy-makers and public respond.
Geographical Factor:
Geography of a state is relatively the most permanent and stable factor of its foreign Policy. The topography of land, its fertility, climate and location are the major geographic factors which influence the Foreign Policy of a nation.
Level and Nature of Economic Development:
One of the main reasons why the US Foreign Policy has been very often successful in securing its national objectives, particularly in relation to the poor and economically lowly placed states of the world is the high degree of its economic development.
Cultural and Historical Factors:
The cultural heritage and the history of a nation are again important and valuable factors of its Foreign Policy. The norms and traditions that characterize the life of the people of a state are highly influential factors of its foreign policy. During the process of interpreting and formulating the objectives of national interest, the decision makers are always governed by their cultural links, historical traditions and experiences.
NAME: NWANKWO EMMANUEL CHUKWUEBUKA
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 16108301
DEPT: POL.SCI/CRS
LEVEL: 200
COURSE CODE: POL223
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY
QUESTIONS
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY FOREIGN POLICY ILLUSTRATE WITH EXAMPLES.
SUMMARY
Every country should abide with foreign policy because it is the strategy policy because it is the strategy that helps the country to learn on how to deal with other countries. The country should not allow the foreign policy to subdue their home policy for example in Nigeria their foreign policy have much power than the home policy. Nigeria based their power more on the foreign affairs (policy) thereby relating to much country in the sense of trade without fighting to build up their own policy making and these causes problems to them most especially in times of production, security and managing of their economy. A country in the world do not have to regret their foreign policy because these foreign policies deals with great potentials by bringing them together with other countries instead of regretting they should make it not to affect their home policy therefore cathering for the both home and foreign policies because they are all important.
NAME: ONAH CHUKWUEBUKA PRINCE
DeleteREG NO: 16108335
DEPT: POL/ENG
COURSE CODE: POL 223
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
LEVEL: 200
FOREIGN POLICY WITH EXAMPLES
In 2013, David Cameron announced that the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government would hold a referendum on Britain’s continued membership in the European Union (EU). What was initially intended to strengthen his domestic political position and his support from within the Conservative party, ended with Cameron’s resignation as Prime Minister when 52% of British voters cast their ballot in favor of leaving the EU in the June 23, 2016 referendum. In 1950, the ratification of the treaty on the International Trade Organization (ITO) failed because President Truman realized that he would not be able to gain legislative approval from the US Congress after several failed attempts at ratification of the ITO Charter. Congressional opposition largely stemmed from what was perceived as the ITO meddling with domestic economic policy. Hence no other country ratified the treaty and the ITO never came into being. When President Obama came to office in 2009, one of his main priorities was to quickly sign an environmental treaty. However, a Republican majority in Congress opposed it, hindering ratification at that point in time. These examples illustrate the close linkage between domestic politics and international relations, which is particularly pronounced on economic and trade-related issues, environmental policy, or membership in international organizations. However, the influence of domestic factors also extends to issues traditionally understood to be outside the area of domestic political contestation.
INFLUENCE OF DOMESTIC AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING NIGERIA POLICY TILL DATE
The domestic environmental variables, in relation to international relations, refer to all the features, factors and forces, indeed the whole ensembles of natural, human and manmade resources peculiar to a state, which determine their national power (Wanjohi2011). The domestic environmental variables are important determinants of the thrust of a state’s foreign policy objectives. Apart from forming the basis for the formulation of state objectives that guide foreign policy, environmental variables define the tools for their realisation. Domestic environmental variables have been identified by Morgenthau (1985) as the constitutive elements of national power.
These variables include:
Geography: All the physical features that characterise and define a state’s territory. It includes its climate, the distribution of plant, animal, and human life as well as other natural endowments like seas, lakes, rivers, mountains and land mass. Morgenthau (1985:127) has argued that despite advances in transportation and communication, which undoubtedly have diminished their hitherto unrivalled importance, geography remains a “...fundamental factor of permanent importance which the foreign
policies of all nations must take into account...”
Demographic factors: The composition of a state’s population in terms of size or numerical strength, growth rate, density, and gender and age distribution. Large population could be an asset or liability depending on their composition and domestic policy, put in place by a state, for their utilisation.
The relevance of population as an asset lies in the labour power it provides for economic development.
On the other hand, the liability associated with large population is the incapacity of a state to train and absorb its population as well as deploy them to productive activities that could add value to a state’s
economic development agenda (Nweke1986).
The nature of political system: The type of government operational in a state is essential in determining its foreign policy thrust. The government could be democratic and accountable or the
opposite Igwe(2002) has argued that as long as a state is a class society, its objectives are not only the product of the ruling elite but also formulated to advance their interest.
NAME: ONAH DOMINICA CHIOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
REG NO: 16108336
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
COURSE CODE: POL 223
LEVEL: 200
MEANING OF FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy is a term used to describe one nation’s and the word, much like how the term ‘foreigner’ means someone who is not from your homeland. Foreign policy deals with how your nation, its people, economy, culture and language interacts with those outside the national borders. It is also a strategy used by government to guide their action in the international arena.
AN ILLUSTRATION POLICY
1. WAR: This is the largest foreign policy a country can do. Thus most nations have armed forces of some form. Sending your troops in to enforce your dictats is the ultimate foreign policy.
2. TRADE: Nations sell stuff. And a lot of money is involved. For some nations lack of trade would decimate them - i.e. New Zealand. Thus nations trade policy will be a major part of their foreign policy.
For example one of the reasons the USA was involved in the TPP talks was because they were going to use it to reduce the influence of China in the Pacific. However now that Trump will not join the pact, the USA will lose some influence.
3. RECOGNITION: Recognition of another nation is a big thing. And makes relations between to nations much easier.
China (People’s Republic of) will not recognize any nation which recognizes China (Republic of - aka Taiwan). Most nation states recognize China (not Taiwan) because it is so big compared Taiwan - although a few states still recognize China (Republic of) - and face distain by China (Peoples Republic of).
NAME: ONYEKE MARTHA OZOEMENA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
REG NO: 16108267
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
COURSE CODE: POL 223
LEVEL: 200
MEANING OF FOREIGN POLICY
A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects. Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent, which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself. The foreign policy of hundred country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole, such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilism policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries.
ILLUSTRATION OF FOREIGN POLICY
To investigate the nature of current United States foreign policy, the logical source is the State Department, whose job it is to define and direct it. Foreign policy goals include the following:
• Preserving the national security of the United States
• Promoting world peace and a secure global environment
• Maintaining a balance of power among nations
• Working with allies to solve international problems
• Promoting democratic values and human rights
• Furthering cooperative foreign trade and global involvement in international trade organizations
NAME: UGWU FAVOUR OZIOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
REG NO: 16108271
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
COURSE CODE: POL 223
LEVEL: 200
MEANING OF FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy is well defined comprehensive plan based on knowledge and experience for conducting the business of the government with the rest of the world. A nation's remote approach, likewise called outside relations or outside undertakings arrangement, comprises of self-intrigue techniques picked by the state to shield its national advantages and to accomplish objectives inside its worldwide relations milieu. The methodologies are deliberately utilized to collaborate with different nations. The investigation of such systems is called outside strategy examination. As of late, because of the developing level of globalization and transnational exercises, the states will likewise need to associate with non-state on-screen characters. The previously mentioned collaboration is assessed and checked in endeavors to augment advantages of multilateral universal participation. Since the national interests are vital, remote arrangements are outlined by the legislature through abnormal state basic leadership forms. National interests achievement can happen because of serene participation with different countries, or through abuse. More often than not, making outside approach is the activity of the head of government and the remote clergyman (or proportional). In a few nations the council likewise has impressive impacts. Outside strategies of nations have shifting rates of progress and extents of purpose, which can be influenced by factors that change the apparent national interests or even influence the solidness of the nation itself. The remote strategy of hundred nation can have significant and enduring effect on numerous different nations and on the course of universal relations all in all, for example, the Monroe Doctrine clashing with the mercantilism approaches of nineteenth century European nations and the objectives of autonomy of recently framed Central American and South American nations.
ILLUSTRATION OF FOREIGN POLICY
To explore stream United States remote plan, the sensible source is the State Department, whose movement it is to portray and direct it. Outside approach goals join the going with:
Working with accomplices to deal with overall issues
Propelling prevalence based characteristics and human rights
Encouraging pleasing remote trade and overall commitment in worldwide trade affiliations
Sparing the national security of the United States
Propelling world peace and an ensured overall condition
Keeping up a modify of vitality among nations
GROUP C NO: 110
ReplyDeleteILOBI CHINELO PATIENCE
17109310
POL. SCI/ENG
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition. Some scholar’s belief that the concept of transition should aim at laying a solid foundation for a democratic culture and politics, other views succumb to the orientation that transition primarily refers to changes in attitude, values and ethos of individuals and their collectivities. However, for the purpose of this study, theoretically and empirically understood, transition refers to the totality of our socio-cultural, political and economic processes under social change from the day of colonial contact till present. That is all the periods of struggles among the ruling class in Nigeria (which comprises of the military/bureaucratic political and business class) for state control is referred to as transitions.
October 1975, general Muritala announced a five-stage political program of action to bring about an elected civil regime in October 1979. General Ibrahim Babangida, after seizing political power from yet another military government (of Buhari/Idiagbon, 1984-85) in August 1985, in January 1986, announced a five year transition program, 1986-1990. The transition period was later extended from 1990 to 1992. It took exactly one year, November 1993 to October 1994 for the late general Sani Abacha to announce his transition program, the program adopted the same form as previous ones, particularly that of his immediate predecessor, General Babangida. However, major general Aguyi Ironsi and general Buhari/Idiagbon did not propose transition programs before they were outset.
.
Though the activities of his transition might not have been different from others, but though little difference in approach, its politics and timing in history played a crucial role in saving the country from a possible collapse. It came at a time when the country was at the threshold of civil strife, a situation which matched that which led to the civil war of 1967-70. He was also the first military leader to take up political power as a result of the “natural death” of an incumbent military head of state
Conclusion
General Muritala Mohammed could not live to fulfilled his dream for political transition before his assassination Abdulsalami Abubarka’s transition program has fulfilled almost all of conditions for political disengagement, as such, we could expect less military intervention in the nearest future, however, the potentials of popular force in a counter hegemony against the military was also applied to this case. These popular forces are the people and it is obvious that any transition process or disengagement process that is anti people or that is not participatory and supervised by the people is doomed to fail somehow either sooner or later. The people were ready, they have heard enough of military rule, they wanted change.
UGWUOKE CHIKADIBIA JANE
ReplyDeletePOL SCI/ENG
16108341
200 LEVELS
Summary
Meaning of Foreign Policy
Foreign policy means the policy of nurturing and promoting one’s national interest while interacting with other countries, every country decides on framework of its foreign policy and according to his principles, it takes decision about how and what kind of transaction it would carry out with other nations. It can also be defined as a country’s strategy in dealing with other countries
Examples
Exporting democracy
In United States history, critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad. Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances.
Foreign aid
There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance: bilateral development aid, economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals, humanitarian aid, and multilateral economic contributions (for example, contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund)
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
Political Accountability:
In the words of Rosenau, “the degree to which public officials are accountable to the citizenry, either through elections, party competitions, legislative oversight, or other means, can have important consequences for the timing and contents of the plans that are made and the activates undertaken in foreign affairs.”
Ideology:
Foreign Policy is a set of principles and a strategic plan of action adopted by a nation to fulfill the goals of national interest. It has always an ideological content. For securing support for its goal as well as for criticizing the foreign policy goals of other nations, it needs and adopts an ideology or some ideological principles. It, therefore, always tries to use the ideology as well as to popularize its ideology. The ideology of communism remained an important factor of the foreign policies of communist nations during 1945-90.
Social Structure:
The structure and nature of the society for which the foreign policy operates is also an important element. The nature of social groups and the degree of conflict and harmony that characterize their mutual relations are determined by the social structure. A society characterised by strong internal conflict and strife acts as a source of weakness for the foreign policy.A society of united, enlightened and disciplined people with a high degree of group harmony is always a source of strength.
Government Structure:
The organisation and structure of government i.e. the organisational agencies which handle the foreign policy-making and implementation is another important element of foreign policy. The shape of the foreign policy is also determined by the fact as to whether the government agencies handling it are democratically constituted or not.
Internal Situation:
Like the external situational factors, sudden changes, disturbances or disorders that occur within the internal environment of a nation also influence the nature and course of foreign policy. The resignation of President Nixon over the issue of Watergate Scandal considerably limited the foreign policy of USA under President Ford. The internal opposition to the military regime in Pakistan during 1947-89 was a determinant of Pakistani foreign policy.
UGWU JACINTA CHINASA
ReplyDelete16108338
POL. SCI/ENG
200 LEVELS
Foreign Policy
A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu.
Examples of foreign policy
Trade
Nations sell stuff. And a lot of money is involved. Nations tax this in some form, and also have regulations about import of goods
War!
Sending your troops in to enforce your dictates is the ultimate foreign policy. Nations form alliances to increase their strength especially when dealing with others
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Exporting democracy
In United States history, critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad. Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances.
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
Cultural and Historical Factors:
The cultural heritage and the history of a nation are again important and valuable factors of its Foreign Policy. The norms and traditions that characterize the life of the people of a state are highly influential factors of its foreign policy
The size of a state
The size of a state is an important factor of its Foreign Policy. Size influences the psychological and operational environment within which the foreign policy-makers and public respond.
Geographical Factor:
Geography of a state is relatively the most permanent and stable factor of its foreign Policy. The topography of land, its fertility, climate and location are the major geographic factors which influence the Foreign Policy of a nation.
CHIGBO NDIDIAMAKA MARTHA
ReplyDelete16108318
POL. SC/CRS
200 LEVEL
Meaning of Foreign Policy
Foreign policy is the sum of official external relations conducted by an independent actor (usually a state) in international relations. Foreign Policy includes not only military action but trade and humanitarian interactions as well. When trying to analyze the role of the head of government in foreign policy decision making it is important to know what is motivating him. Depending on the political system of the head of government, the influencing factors will vary.
Some Examples
Foreign aid
Foreign assistance is a core component of the State Department's international affairs budget, which is $49 billion in all for 2014. Aid is considered an essential instrument of U.S. foreign policy. There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance: bilateral development aid, economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals, humanitarian aid, and multilateral economic contributions (for example, contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund)
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Under the NATO charter, the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power. The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance, in response to the September 11 attacks.
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
The Nigerian foreign policy opens the door to foreign investment and foreign technology as hinted earlier, thereby inflicting damage on home-grown investment and industrialization. This may, in the long run, lead to modern-day economic colonization if care is not taken.
Foreign relations with a particular country can lead to negative impact on the Nigerian state if there is a government change in that other country. The Brexit hullaballoo is a very good example; Nigerian investments in the UK are sure to suffer one way or the other due to the economic downturn the Brexit issue will lead to in Britain.
International relationship can also have negative impact on the Naira. Growth in other countries’ currencies, can lead to fall in the Naira.
Foreign relations with other countries may also lead to security challenges, which may question the sovereignty of the country.
UKWUEZE JULIETH CHIOMA
ReplyDeleteECONS/POL SCI
16108262
200 LEVELS
Summary
Meaning of Foreign Policy
Foreign policy means the policy of nurturing and promoting one’s national interest while interacting with other countries, every country decides on framework of its foreign policy and according to his principles, it takes decision about how and what kind of transaction it would carry out with other nations. It can also be defined as a country’s strategy in dealing with other countries
Examples
Exporting democracy
In United States history, critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad. Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances.
Foreign aid
There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance: bilateral development aid, economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals, humanitarian aid, and multilateral economic contributions (for example, contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund)
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
Political Accountability:
In the words of Rosenau, “the degree to which public officials are accountable to the citizenry, either through elections, party competitions, legislative oversight, or other means, can have important consequences for the timing and contents of the plans that are made and the activates undertaken in foreign affairs.”
Ideology:
Foreign Policy is a set of principles and a strategic plan of action adopted by a nation to fulfill the goals of national interest. It has always an ideological content. For securing support for its goal as well as for criticizing the foreign policy goals of other nations, it needs and adopts an ideology or some ideological principles. It, therefore, always tries to use the ideology as well as to popularize its ideology. The ideology of communism remained an important factor of the foreign policies of communist nations during 1945-90.
Social Structure:
The structure and nature of the society for which the foreign policy operates is also an important element. The nature of social groups and the degree of conflict and harmony that characterize their mutual relations are determined by the social structure. A society characterised by strong internal conflict and strife acts as a source of weakness for the foreign policy.A society of united, enlightened and disciplined people with a high degree of group harmony is always a source of strength.
Government Structure:
The organisation and structure of government i.e. the organisational agencies which handle the foreign policy-making and implementation is another important element of foreign policy. The shape of the foreign policy is also determined by the fact as to whether the government agencies handling it are democratically constituted or not.
Internal Situation:
Like the external situational factors, sudden changes, disturbances or disorders that occur within the internal environment of a nation also influence the nature and course of foreign policy. The resignation of President Nixon over the issue of Watergate Scandal considerably limited the foreign policy of USA under President Ford. The internal opposition to the military regime in Pakistan during 1947-89 was a determinant of Pakistani foreign policy.
OBASI MARIA CHIBUGO
ReplyDelete16108266
ECONS/POL. SC
200 LEVEL
The Summary
In my understanding foreign policy is a country strategy or a plan of action adopted by one nation in regards to its diplomatic dealing with other countries. it is a set of goals about how the country will work with other countries economically, politically, socially and militarily.
Foreign policy also means the policy of nurturing and promoting one’s national interest while interacting with other counties. Every country decides on the framework of its foreign policy and according to its principles. It takes decision about how and what kind of transactions that she would carry out with other nations.
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Under the NATO charter, the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power. The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance, in response to the September 11 attacks.
Moreover, the domestic external factors that affect the Nigeria policy is as follow:
Government Structure:
The organisation and structure of government i.e. the organisational agencies which handle the foreign policy-making and implementation is another important element of foreign policy. The shape of the foreign policy is also determined by the fact as to whether the government agencies handling it are democratically constituted or not. Whether the authority relations are centralized or decision-making is free and open. The government officials also act as decision makers and this factor always influences the formulation of foreign policy.
Internal Situation:
Like the external situational factors, sudden changes, disturbances or disorders that occur within the internal environment of a nation also influence the nature and course of foreign policy. The resignation of President Nixon over the issue of Watergate Scandal considerably limited the foreign policy of USA under President Ford. The internal opposition to the military regime in Pakistan during 1947-89 was a determinant of Pakistani foreign policy.
Values, Talents, Experiences and Personalities of Leaders:
Since the Foreign Policy of a nation is made and implemented by leaders, statesmen and diplomats, naturally it bears an imprint of their values, talents, experiences and personalities. The ideas, orientations, likings, disliking, attitudes, knowledge, skill and the world-view of the national decision-makers are influential inputs of Foreign Policy. The differences among the leaders are also influential inputs of a foreign policy.
Political Accountability:
In the words of Rosenau, “the degree to which public officials are accountable to the citizenry, either through elections, party competitions, legislative oversight, or other means, can have important consequences for the timing and contents of the plans that are made and the activates undertaken in foreign affairs.”
NAME: EDE JULIET IFUNANYA
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/CRS
REG NO: 16108306
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
COURSE CODE: POL 223
LEVEL: 200
MEANING OF FOREIGN POLICY
A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects. Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent, which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself. The foreign policy of hundred country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole, such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilism policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries.
AN ILLUSTRATION WITH EXAMPLE OF FOREIGN POLICY
1. TRADE: Nations offer stuff. What's more, a considerable measure of cash is included. Countries impose this in some shape, and furthermore have directions about import of merchandise. For a few countries absence of exchange would annihilate them - i.e. New Zealand. In this way countries exchange arrangement will be a noteworthy piece of their remote approach.
For instance one reason the USA was engaged with the TPP talks was on the grounds that they would utilize it to diminish the impact of China in the Pacific. However now that Trump won't join the settlement, the USA will lose some impact.
2. WAR: This is the biggest outside strategy a nation can do. Along these lines most countries have military of some frame. Sending your troops in to implement your dictats is a definitive remote approach. Countries frame organizations together to expand their quality particularly when managing others. NATO has a strategy that an assault on one part is an assault on another. In this way a NATO part is substantially more grounded together, than one who is a non part.
3. RECOGNITION: Recognition of another country is a major thing. Also, makes relations between to countries substantially simpler.
NAME: UGWU CHARITY CHIGOZIE
ReplyDeleteDEPT: ECON/POL SC.
REG. NO: 17109712
NO: 28
A. Group Agui Ironsi FROM 1-42
Mention and explain 10 reasons for Military interventions in Politics
1. Socio-Economic Development: According to this theory, a military intervention can happen as a result of disbelief in the socio-economic development of the country. Socially and economically stable countries are less prone to military coups.
2. Corruption and Political Development : Another great reason for military intervention in politics is political crisis in a country; like in the case of military interventions during the Cold War because the communistic regimes failed against capitalism and democracy. Corruption always weakens the government and results in high chances of military coups.
3. The Centrality of the Military.: This theory provides the idea that the greater the resources and power the military has, the greater the chances of a military coup. A weak civilian institution may provoke strong military forces to take over power in the country, this is why the actions of military forces should be monitored.
4. Conflicts based on issues in the society: These conflicts may include religious and ethnic problems; this happened in Nigeria during the first rise of Biafra. Nonetheless, it can still happen as Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations are a threat to the democratic regime. Nigeria is multicultural with various religious beliefs. Nonetheless, the extremist religious groups may become a real threat and destroy the government in Nigeria. ISIS is the most obvious example of how religious fanatics can destroy a country. Therefore, it is necessary to protect Nigeria from this kind of threat.
5. Regional Differences: Regional differences are always provided as the reason for military intervention in the political affairs of Latin America. This will however not happen if the Federal government can provide new methods
6. Presence of regionalized parties: One of the reasons the military advanced for their intervention in the politics of Nigeria in 1966 was that the various political parties that were operating at the time were not national in nature. The entire support base of the various political parties was regionalized. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroun was supported mainly by people from the Eastern Region, the Action Group drew its support from the Western Region and the Northern People’s Congress drew its support mainly from the Northern Region. This, according to the military did not engender national cohesion.
7. Mismanagement of the economy: Another accusation that was leveled against the civilian government to warrant their overthrow was that they mismanaged the economy. The economy was said to have been so mismanaged that if the military had not stepped in, the economy would have slid into an abyss.
8. Unhealthy rivalry among the major tribes: The politicians of the day were accused by the military of engaging in tribal politics.
9. Politicization of the army: Another cause of the military intervention in Nigeria was the politicization of the army. The army was so politicized that one’s promotion was no longer based on one’s experience, qualification and training but rather on one’s political leanings which was in turn underpinned on one’s tribal origin.
10. Tribalism and nepotism: Another key contribution to the military overthrow of the civilian government of the day was tribalism and nepotism. Recruitment, appointment and promotion within the Nigerian Civil Service was based on “whom you know”.
NAME: NWALADI PATIENCE O.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/CRS
REG NO: 16108311
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
COURSE CODE: POL 223
LEVEL: 200
MEANING OF FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy is one of the wheels with which the process of international politics operates. Foreign policy is not separate from the national policy, instead it is a part of it. It consists of national interests that are to be furthered in relation to other states. Almost all the states determine the course of their foreign policies within the limits of their strengths and the realities of the external environment. The nonpolitical relations also fall in the scope of foreign policy.
EXAMPLE OF FOREIGN POLICY
1. RECOGNITION: Recognition of another nation is a big thing. And makes relations between to nations much easier.
2. WAR: This is the largest foreign policy a country can do. Thus most nations have armed forces of some form. Sending your troops in to enforce your dictats is the ultimate foreign policy. Nations form alliances to increase their strength especially when dealing with others. NATO has a policy that an attack on one member is an attack on another. Thus a NATO member is much stronger together, than one who is a non member.
3. TRADE: Nations sell stuff. And a lot of money is involved. Nations tax this in some form, and also have regulations about import of goods. For some nations lack of trade would decimate them - i.e. New Zealand. Thus nations trade policy will be a major part of their foreign policy.
NAME: NWALADI PATIENCE O.
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/CRS
REG NO: 16108311
COURSE TITLE: NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
COURSE CODE: POL 223
LEVEL: 200
INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTOR IN NIGERIA POLICY
1. THE PRESS, PUBLIC OPINION AND PRESSURE GROUPS: Nigeria has maintained certain level of freedom of speech even during the military era. Even during the Civil War, General Gowon often yielded to “severe press criticisms” as earlier obtained during the democratic regime of Balewa
2. RAVAGED AND WEAK ECONOMY: At independence, Nigeria depended basically on the export of agricultural produce which accounted for about 61 percent of its foreign earnings. After the Nigerian civil war, the economy experienced another economic face, with the development of manufacturing sector with a corresponding dependence on foreign inputs like capital, managerial skills and technology.
3. NATIONAL MORALE: National morale simply denotes the general level of belief and confidence which citizens exude toward their countries. It is national morale that powers patriotism and loyalty of citizens.
INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTOR IN NIGERIA POLICY
1. TERRORISM: Terrorism has assumed added significance which is traceable to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Terrorism connotes premeditated, deliberate and targeted deployment of violence or threat of violence to bring about certain envisaged outcome or chains of outcomes.
2. NUCLEAR WEAPONS, ARMAMENT AND DISARMAMENT: A major component of national power, one which confers the tag of superiority on the armed forces of a state, is the possession of nuclear weaponry.
3. DEMOCRATISATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS: Contemporary wave of democratisation is a component of globalisation and it is directed at setting up accountable governments around the globe.
4. TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION: The trend in the international arena is the dismantling of restrictions that had, hitherto, made free movement of people difficult. The relaxation of national laws on immigration by most countries, in response to the logic of globalisation, opened up opportunities that made it possible for people to respond to global economic forces and local concerns
ANI MELODY AMAECHI
ReplyDeletePOL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILLITARY POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
17109997
GROUP D
72
QUESTION: STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LETGITMACY
1. The Head of State/President
2. The Supreme Military Council (SMC)' the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC)
3. The National Council States
4. The Council of Ministers
5. The Judiciary
6. The Civil Service
THE LEGITIMACY OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT
In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority,
Military Legitimacy is about the balance between might and right. It is a relative concept that differs in times of war and peace. In peacetime the legitimacy of military operations is governed by legal and moral standards and values in both the US and the area of operations. These standards and values are often in conflict, making the public support required for political and military legitimacy problematic.
Military legitimacy is based on public perceptions of military operations, so that it is a reflection of civil-military relations. Overseas religious and cultural conflicts are the most obvious threats to the legitimacy of US military forces, while in the US civil-military issues are more subtle but nevertheless real. That is because the US military is an authoritarian regime within a democratic society, and its communal values—such as concepts of duty and loyalty to the military mission—represent a potential threat to libertarian civilian values.
The following topical categories will be used to organize papers, articles and commentary on the website (see sidebar):
1. Religion and culture as they shape values, law and public support as standards of military legitimacy.
2. Democracy, human rights and the rule of law in foreign policy and as standards of military legitimacy.
3. Military legitimacy and leadership and how they relate to civil-military relations
4. Civil affairs as an operational concept and a civil-military capability.
5. Lessons learned in legitimacy and how they shape the future.
In peacetime the genuineness of military assignments is coordinated by genuine and great measures and properties
On peacetime military exercises—those undertakings other than war, for instance, counterinsurgency, security assignments and nation building. Fight is every now and then a key bit of peacetime military undertakings, especially regardless circumstances, yet key accomplishment is more dependent in the wake of achieving political goals than military destinations, and consistent military power is never a substitute for the nonattendance of validness.
Military realness relies on open perspective of military undertakings, with the objective that it is an impression of standard military relations. Abroad religious and social conflicts are the most clear dangers to the legitimacy of US military forces, while in the US principal military issues are additionally unassuming yet everything thought about good 'ol fashioned. That is by uprightness of the US military is a czar relationship inside a greater part manage society, and its aggregate characteristics, for instance, insights of duty and consistency to the military mission—convey a potential hazard to libertarian normal neighborhood regards. Furthermore, in light of the way that the military controls the nation's most coercive powers, there is the hazard that a bound military and conflicting military and standard subject regards could undermine basic military relations and incapacitate the legitimacy of the US military.
ANI FRANKLIN IFEANYI
ReplyDelete17101057
POL SC/ENG
GROUP D
168
QUESTION: Specify the impact of military rule in the development of democracy in Africa
The military foundation of most societies would be difficult to dispute. History books are often filled with people illustration of invasions and conquest of weak communities by powerful forces. The military as an institution existed even in pre-colonial times especially in those ancient kingdom of all such as the Benin Empire, the Oyo Kingdom, Dahomey Kingdom, Borno Empire, etc.
At this time, the military was primarily assigned the responsibility of defending the territorial integrity of these sates. Although, they were regularly consulted even on political matters, they had no direct control over the affairs of state. Essentially, they remained subordinated to the political authorities [1].
Even in ancient Rome, the military was not known to directly involved in governance until the point in time when the Roman Army “went beyond. Its brief to takeover power from the Roman senate and henceforth chose who the Emperor was going to be.
This abbreviation became known as PRAETORIANISM i.e. the direct intervention of the military in politics. Consequently, the military that was initially regarded as the protector of the Emperor or the praetorian guards suddenly took over power. From this moment onward military praetorians became associated with the overthrow of legitimate ‘and elected government [2].
Although, the military institution is an important institution in the society that could assist in the maintenance of stability through protection of the territorial integrity of the state concerned. The unusual happens when this institution chooses to abandon its traditional responsibility and then decides to embrace the option of taking over the state power. The issue therefore, is how we keep the military permanently in the barracks in order for it to perform its traditional role as well as disengage them from politics
party or Marxist democracy. This model takes off from the view that the ideals of liberty, equality and justice that produce the liberation tradition could not be realized by free struggle for votes in the political systems together with the free struggle for profit in the market place. The failure of liberalism to achieve these ideals is attributed to the dynamics of capitalism that produces systematic inequality and thereby limits individual freedom.
There is also the tendency of inequality and constraints in economic production, especially in capitalist societies, to abridge the realization of justice and liberty [11].
Marx calls for a “commune structure” in which society is broken into small self — governing committees who then send their representatives to larger administrative units such as districts. The districts in turn sand their representative to the national government. This pyramid structure of delegated democracy would restore self— reliance and freedom
In Nigeria, we have adopted the liberal model of democracy that places emphasis on electoral competition in a high context of high inequalities (individual and group) and an authoritarian state, such that people vote without choosing, and when they close the only option is between two oppressors. Thus, the nature of the state, the ambivalent citizenship and thereby problematic civil society, coupled with poor social conditions (marked by wide spread poverty and ignorance) limit good governance and threaten democracy [12].
SUMMARY of ASSIGNMENT ON SOS 222
ReplyDeleteNAME CHRISTOPHER CHISOM SCHOLARSTICA
DEPT CRS/SOS
REG.NO 16108228
WHICH PART OF AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN THE SOCIETY?
Socialization: How do we learn to interact with other people? Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization. And, it is during socialization that we learn how to walk, talk, and feed ourselves, about behavioral norms that help us fit in to our society, and so much more.
Socialization occurs throughout our life, but some of the most important socialization occurs in childhood. So, let's talk about the most influential agents of socialization. These are the people or groups responsible for our socialization during childhood - including family, school, peers, and mass media.
1. FAMILY: There is no better way to start than to talk about the role of family in our social development, as family is usually considered to be the most important agent of socialization. As infants, we are completely dependent on others to survive. Our parents, or those who play the parent role, are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They, along with the rest of our family, also teach us about close relationships, group life, and how to share resources. Additionally, they provide us with our first system of values, norms, and beliefs - a system that is usually a reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnic group, and more.
For example, Alexander, a young boy who lives in America, was born to an immigrant family. He grew up bilingual and was taught the importance of collectivistic through socialization with his family.
2. SCHOOLS: The next important agent of childhood socialization is the school. Of course, the official purpose of school is to transfer subject knowledge and teach life skills, such as following directions and meeting deadlines. But, students don't just learn from the academic curriculum prepared by teachers and school administrators. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and that to be successful, we must learn to be quiet, to wait, and sometimes to act interested even when we're not.
3. PEER GROUPS
Peer groups allow children to form relationships and learn without the direction of adults.
Another agent of socialization that relates to school is our peer group. Unlike the agents we've already discussed - family and school - peer groups give us an opportunity as children to form relationships with others on our own terms, plus learn things without the direction of an adult. Our peers have an incredible amount of influence on us when we're young, so it's understandable that parents worry about the type of friends we choose. Often, we discuss topics and learn behavioral norms from our peers that our parents do not or would not approve of.
4. MEDIA: The media also socialize us about the public world. It tells us about political and society and shapes the way in which we see impact on what we thing is cool as we learn lessons about such thing from characters on TV shows and in ads.
Thus, each major agent of socialization plays a slight different role, but all of them are aimed at the same general goal.
VARIOUS REASONS WHILE THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY
Self Development: When we are born, we have a genetic makeup and biological traits. However, who we are as human beings develops through social interaction. Many scholars, both in the fields of psychology and in sociology, have described the process of self-development as a precursor to understanding how that “self” becomes socialized.
SUMMARY OF ASSINGMENT ON SOS 222
ReplyDeleteName: EZE CALISTER CHINEDU
Dept: SOS/IGBO
Reg No: 16108351
1. The Family:
The family gets the baby first. Hence the process of socialisation begins in the family. A child is born with some basic abilities that are genetically transmitted through germplasm. These abilities and capacities are shaped in ways determined by culture.
The mother with whom the relation of the child is the most intimate plays a significant role in the process of moulding the child in the initial stages. Subsequently, father and older siblings transmit to the child many other values, knowledge and skill that children are expected to acquire in that particular society.
2. The Peer Group:
As the child grows older, his contemporaries begin to influence him. He spends most of his spare hours outside his work and study schedule with his peers in the playground and places outside his home. The attraction of peers is virtually irresistible to him.
He learns from them and they also learn from him. With the passage of time, the peer group influence surpasses at of parents significantly. It is not surprising that teen age is the age of parent-child misunderstanding.
In the socialisation of the child, the members of the family, particularly those who exercise authority over him, and the members of his peer group exercise two different kinds of influence upon him. Both authoritarian relationships (typified by the former) and equalitarian relationships (typified by the latter) are equally significant to him.
He acquires the virtues of respect, constraint and obedience from the first type of relationships, and the virtues of co-operation based on trust and mutual understanding from the second.
The importance of authoritarian element in the socialization process may be explained thus. First, the pattern of behaviour expected of a child in a society
NAME: OKECHUKWU NNENNA ANITA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109527
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NUMBER: 143
QUESTION: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
1. MILITARIZATION OF VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT: It is an entrenched assurance that the request structure of the military gives no space to trade, game plan, statement and appeasement. The nonattendance of this in social talk passed on to the fore the guidelines of 'with fast effect in the number one spot of social duty. Today, Nigerians use the possibility of 'with incite affect' in social talk. The military were set up to war, ruin and pass on or get by all the while. In the present distribution, the President facilitated requested the people from his social gathering to see the choice as a 'do or kick the container undertaking'. This is reminiscent of militarization of semantics and variety of larger part lead government.
2. POLITICAL INTIMIDATION: Intimidation is a weapon of battling passed on by the military to mind the enemy. It is a psychological method to manage battling. This has been extrapolated into the notoriety based milieu. The Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) has been used as a framework to terrify political foes to toe a comparable part with the authority. Arraignment had been used as an instrument of threatening. This had been viably used in the arraignments in' Oyo', 'Level and Anambra' states independently.
3. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: The military organization is a one social affair wonder where differ is an articulate aversion. A free thinker is rapidly kept. 'Miniere Amakiri' a focal correspondent of a Nigeria Newspaper (Nigerian Observer) had his head shaved in light of the fact that he created a piece that was hostile to the past Governor of Rivers State 'Alfred Diete Spiff', in Port Harcourt (Badejo 1978). In 1978, the military denied the 'New breed Magazine' and various editorialists persevered through embarrassment as refered to above. This influences were rehashed in 2007 of each a lion's share run government along these lines; in 2006 May 14, in the midst of the prudent dialog for the residency protracting (Obasanjo required the parliament to support a third term for him). African Independent Television (AIT) uncovered the common contention live, along these lines alarming way the people who may have chatted for the extending. The State Security Service (SSS) trapped the AIT writers and stopped and destroyed the expert tape of an account entitled 'a residency augmentation'.
4. UNI-CAMERALISM: The military as an establishment isn't masterminded to another point of convergence of demand or dissention. It has no family to persevere 'protection' or dissention of view on its orders. This has been engraved in the brain of Nigerians and practiced in the vote based field. This was appeared in the midst of the outrageous moves towards the third term of organization. Any individual saw as an obstacle was terrified with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), legitimate board report and daily paper and the announcement of the work environment of the VP exhaust, which frames were by and large declared as constituting 'functus officio' (procedural irregularity) by the courts.
NGWU LOVETH CHINAZA
ReplyDeleteECONS/SOS
16108278
SOS 222
CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
The part agents of socialization that is most important in our society.
Socialization is an important process through which individuals are able to interact within the society and they inherit their languages, values, norms, traditions, and customs in order for his/her peers to socially accept them. Agents of socialization in short are the people, groups, and social institutions, as well as the interactions within these groups that influence a person’s social and self-development. Agents of socialization are believed to provide the critical information needed for children to function successfully as a member of society. Some examples of such agents are family, neighborhood, schools, peers, religion, sports, the workplace, and especially the mass media.
The process of socialization is better understood when examining how heredity and environment function alone. Socialization begins in the womb and ends in the grave. Individuals learn attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture through human interaction. We learn from those people who matter most in our lives—family members, friends, and teachers.
Family is most important agents of socialization but they are not the only source of socialization when it comes to kids. In this paper is discussing the most important factors of socialization in our society and what we perceive to be a turning point in our children lives. Believe it or not but parents, family, educational institutions, and media are socializing agents who carry out the process of socialization.
The reasons why they are necessary
1. It is the process by which older members of a society teach their way of life to the young.
2. It is also the way we develop our own special personality, and this learning continues over the entire life course from infancy to old age.
3. Every social experience we have affects us in at least a small way. parental influences play a key role on how we grow up and view the world.
4. It is the family job to teach children skills, religious beliefs, and their cultural values.
5. Nothing is more possible to produce a happy child than a family that loves and supports them.
6. In addition, children also get their social identity from their family.
ILOBI CHINELO PATIENCE
ReplyDelete17109310
POL SC/ENG
100 LEVEL
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime.
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
• The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
The third perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. During this period, Nigeria experienced six successful military coups and five elaborate political transitions, thus out of the countries fifty years of post independence existences, the military dominated the political scene for thirty years leaving the politicians with twenty years of civil rule.
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition. Some scholar’s belief that the concept of transition should aim at laying a solid foundation for a democratic culture and politics, other views succumb to the orientation that transition primarily refers to changes in attitude, values and ethos of individuals and their collectivities. However, for the purpose of this study, theoretically and empirically understood, transition refers to the totality of our socio-cultural, political and economic processes under social change from the day of colonial contact till present. That is all the periods of struggles among the ruling class in Nigeria (which comprises of the military/bureaucratic political and business class) for state control is referred to as transitions.
ILOBI CHINELO PATIENCE
ReplyDelete17109310
POL SC/ENG
100 LEVEL
GROUP C NUMBER 113
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the unprestigious life of the barracks?”. Many scholarly attempts have been made to explain this. Just like Leo Dare contends in his inaugural lecture “the best security against military usurpation is a responsive and effective civilian regime.
Proponents of military disengagement have identified three perspectives supporting military disengagement, the first is the counter-coup model, the military turned politician approach and the constitutional evolutionary model. The second is Samuel Finer’s thesis providing enabling environment for transitions to take place. These conditions include that;
• The leader shall sincerely want his troops to quit politics
• The military should be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling further military intervention and assistance
• The successor regime should to be acceptable to the military
• The military itself should have sufficient confidence in its leaders so as to return to barracks on order
The third perspective belongs to Huntington who believes that nurturing democracy derives from the establishment of national unity, political authority and achievement of equality in his institutional theory.
States in Sub Saharan Africa have experienced far more military interventions in political governance since independence than any other region in the continent. In Nigeria, between 1966 and May 1999, the rule by the military became the norm rather than the expectation. During this period, Nigeria experienced six successful military coups and five elaborate political transitions, thus out of the countries fifty years of post independence existences, the military dominated the political scene for thirty years leaving the politicians with twenty years of civil rule.
Military regimes in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. In order to achieve this, the military government would come up with a time table or program of series of event to make this possible. There are two perspectives to the concept of transition. Some scholar’s belief that the concept of transition should aim at laying a solid foundation for a democratic culture and politics, other views succumb to the orientation that transition primarily refers to changes in attitude, values and ethos of individuals and their collectivities. However, for the purpose of this study, theoretically and empirically understood, transition refers to the totality of our socio-cultural, political and economic processes under social change from the day of colonial contact till present. That is all the periods of struggles among the ruling class in Nigeria (which comprises of the military/bureaucratic political and business class) for state control is referred to as transitions.
IYIDA CHIDERA FAVOUR
ReplyDelete17109318
GROUP C NUMBER 113
POL. SC/ENG
Military government and other forms of autocratic rule seem to be beating a fast retreat from the African political scene. In Nigeria, the ruling military junta has set up modalities for relinquishing power to democratically-elected civilian politicians.
Military government in Nigeria appear to accept their intervention in politics as an aberration thus at each of such interventions, they would be quick to declare their readiness to hand over political power to a civil elected regime even if such declarations is made on the interventions attempt to confer legitimacy on such regimes. If this hand over is done or weather it takes a decade to make is another question entirely
General Yakubu Gowon (Rtd) announced one of such nine point program in October 1970 at the end of the civil war which his government hoped to accomplish before handling over political power to a democratically elected government in 1976. other military administrations like the Mohammed/Obasanjo administration demonstrated clearly under the three months of coming into power in July 1975 its determination to hand over political power to a democratically elected government, thus by October 1975, general Muritala announced a five-stage political program of action to bring about an elected civil regime in October 1979. General Ibrahim Babangida, after seizing political power from yet another military government (of Buhari/Idiagbon, 1984-85) in August 1985, in January 1986, announced a five year transition program, 1986-1990. The transition period was later extended from 1990 to 1992. It took exactly one year, November 1993 to October 1994 for the late general Sani Abacha to announce his transition program, the program adopted the same form as previous ones, particularly that of his immediate predecessor, General Babangida. However, major general Aguyi Ironsi and general Buhari/Idiagbon did not propose transition programs before they were outset.
The sudden death of General Sani Abacha on June 8 1998, presented one of the unprecedented opportunities for political change in Nigeria since 1970 when the military began the first attempt to transfer political power to an elected representative government. This introduced General Abdulsalami Abubakar as yet another military head of state from June 10, 1998 to May 28, 1999. Those ten months were the shortest, most momentous and eventful, but at the same time one of the most relaxed of all the military transitions in terms of expectations, the content of the activities and the speed which marked the handover of political power to an elected government.
Though the activities of his transition might not have been different from others, but though little difference in approach, its politics and timing in history played a crucial role in saving the country from a possible collapse. It came at a time when the country was at the threshold of civil strife, a situation which matched that which led to the civil war of 1967-70. He was also the first military leader to take up political power as a result of the “natural death” of an incumbent military head of state
Name: Nnaji Blessing Ndidiamka
ReplyDeleteReg No: 16208498
Dept: Eng/Sos
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
Should parents get the credit when their children turn out to be good kids and even go on to accomplish great things in life? Should they get the blame if their children turn out to be bad? No parent deserves all the credit or blame for their children’s successes and failures in life, but the evidence indicates that our parents do affect us profoundly. In many ways, we even end up resembling our parents in more than just appearance. The reason we turn out much like our parents, for better or worse, is that our families are such an important part of our socialization process. When we are born, our primary caregivers are almost always one or both of our parents. For several years we have more contact with them than with any other adults. Because this contact occurs in our most formative years, our parents’ interaction with us and the messages they teach us can have a profound impact throughout our lives, as indicated by the stories of Sarah Patton Boyle and Lillian Smith presented earlier.
SUMMARY of ASSIGNMENT on SOS 222
ReplyDeleteName: Nnadi Jacinta Chioma
Reg No: 16208466
Dept: Eng/Sos
• Culture and socialization Essay
Socialization can be defined as the process by which people learn to become members of a society (Tepperman & Curtis, 2011, p.58). Thus, the socialization process of an individual starts from birth and continues throughout life. The period of socialization helps an individual to develop feelings, perceptions, learn the basics of social interaction and also learn to recognize and respond socially to parents and other important people in their lives (Tepperman & Curtis, 2011, p.58). According.
MBA JENNIFER OBIOMA
ReplyDeleteENG/SOS
16208503
Level 200
The part of agents of socialization that is most important in our society.
Socialization is an important process through which individuals are able to interact within the society and they inherit their languages, values, norms, traditions, and customs in order for his/her peers to socially accept them. Agents of socialization in short are the people, groups, and social institutions, as well as the interactions within these groups that influence a person’s social and self-development. Agents of socialization are believed to provide the critical information needed for children to function successfully as a member of society. Some examples of such agents are family, neighborhood, schools, peers, religion, sports, the workplace, and especially the mass media.
The process of socialization is better understood when examining how heredity and environment function alone. Socialization begins in the womb and ends in the grave. Individuals learn attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture through human interaction. We learn from those people who matter most in our lives—family members, friends, and teachers.
Family is most important agents of socialization but they are not the only source of socialization when it comes to kids. In this paper is discussing the most important factors of socialization in our society and what we perceive to be a turning point in our children lives. Believe it or not but parents, family, educational institutions, and media are socializing agents who carry out the process of socialization.
The reasons why they are necessary are:
1. It is the process by which older members of a society teach their way of life to the young.
2. It is also the way we develop our own special personality, and this learning continues over the entire life course from infancy to old age.
3. Every social experience we have affects us in at least a small way, parental influences play a key role on how we grow up and view the world.
4. It is the family job to teach children skills, religious beliefs, and their cultural values.
5. Nothing is more possible to produce a happy child than a family that loves and supports them.
6. In addition, children also get their social identity from their family.
7. The family assumes the chief responsibility of developing a child, and has a substantial guise in the integration with society. The family is the primary support system for a child, especially during the first phase of their lives when they are physically and, in most cases, emotionally closest to a child. During this time, they will provide the greatest support and influence. This will extend over factors such as values, beliefs, political aspects, religious appetites, and the child's overall outlook on society in its entirety.
8. Children's minds are like sponges that absorb teachings; they will mimic, appreciate, worship, and accept views, behaviors, and even possessions of their parents. It is evident that the social development in a child is heavily manipulated by the family.
9. Furthermore, the family unit has the ability to effect change to the next generation. Parents inculcate their beliefs and values to their children from a young age, and that value system can be perpetuated from one generation to the next
ODO MARYANN
ReplyDeleteECONS/POL. SC
16108342
POL 223
NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign Policy
Country's foreign policy, may be called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis.
The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes
Examples of foreign policy of a country
Trade
Nations sell stuff. And a lot of money is involved. Nations tax this in some form, and also have regulations about import of goods. For some nations lack of trade would decimate them - i.e. New Zealand. Thus nations trade policy will be a major part of their foreign policy.
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Under the NATO charter, the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power. The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance, in response to the September 11 attacks.
Exporting democracy
In United States history, critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad. Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances. Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad. Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations
War!
This is the largest foreign policy a country can do. Thus most nations have armed forces of some form. Sending your troops in to enforce your dictates is the ultimate foreign policy. Nations form alliances to increase their strength especially when dealing with others
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
Cultural and Historical Factors:
The cultural heritage and the history of a nation are again important and valuable factors of its Foreign Policy. The norms and traditions that characterize the life of the people of a state are highly influential factors of its foreign policy. During the process of interpreting and formulating the objectives of national interest, the decision makers are always governed by their cultural links, historical traditions and experiences.
1. WHICH PARTS OF AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN THE SOCIETY.
ReplyDeleteSocialization as “the process whereby original nature is transformed into human nature and the individual into person.”
Every man tries to adjust himself to the condition and environment predominantly determined by the society of which he is a member. If he fails to do so, he becomes a social deviant and is brought back into line by the efforts of the group of which he is a member. This process of adjustment may be termed socialization. It is the opposite of individualization. It is a process of the expansion of the self. It develops in him the community feeling.
Socialization may be differentiated from sociality and socialism. Sociality is a quality, socialization is a process. Sociality may mean the capacity to mix with others, to enter into relations with them easily and comfortably. Man is a socialized animal, though he may not possess very much sociality in the common sense of the term. In the process of socialization one comes to acquire the quality of sociality.
VARIOUS REASONS WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY.
Agents of Socialization is just as essential to us as individuals. Social interaction provides the means via which we gradually become able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, learning who we are and how we fit into the world around us. In addition, to function successfully in society, we have to learn the basics of both material land nonmaterial culture, everything from how to dress ourselves to what is suitable attire for a specific occasion; from when we sleep to what we sleep on; and from what is considered appropriate to eat for dinner to how to use the stove to prepare it. Most importantly, we have to learn language—whether it is the dominant language or one common in a subculture, whether it is verbal or through signs—in order to communicate and to think. As we saw with Danielle, without socialization we literally have no self. We are unable to function socially.
NAME: EJEH BRIGHT EJEH
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 16108275
DEPT: ECON/SOS
LEVEL: 200
WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY
Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behaviour that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization. And, it is during socialization that we learn how to walk, talk, and feed ourselves, about behavioural norms that help us fit in to our society, and so much more.
Since Socialization occurs throughout our life, but some of the most important socialization occurs in childhood which is in family.
There is no better way to start than to talk about the role of family in our social development, as family is usually considered to be the most important agent of socialization. As infants, we are completely dependent on others to survive. Our parents, or those who play the parent role, are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They, along with the rest of our family, also teach us about close relationships, group life, and how to share resources. Additionally, they provide us with our first system of values, norms, and beliefs - a system that is usually a reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnic group, and more so as to fifth into the society at large
STATE VARIOUS REASONS WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY
1. Socialization help in development of personality.
Personality is a product of society. In the absence of groups or society, no man can develop a personality of his own. But socialization is a process through which the personality of the new born child is shaped and moulded. Through the process, the child learns an approved way of social life. At the same time, it also provides enough scope for the individual to develop his individuality.
2. Helps to became disciplined.
Socialization is social .learning. Social learning is essentially the learning of rules of social behaviour. It is the values, ideals, aims and objectives of life and the means of attaining them. Socialization disciplines an individual and helps him to live according to the social expectations.
Name: Eze Maureen Kelechi
ReplyDeleteReg No: 16208522
DEPT: ENG/SOS
LEVEL: 200
WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY
FAMILY
Primarily socialization, based on family case, on the one hand, occurs during childhood and refers mainly to family or others people who occupies with child care. This type of socialization constitutes the basis that support the entire children’s forming process. Family and close relatives are a kind o society in miniature, a spyglass overturned, which reproduces in miniature dimensions the whole society. This comparison is however not true in an absolute sense; the specificity of primary socialization lies in the fact that the affectivity/love is dominant, actually, there is no conflict of interests between parents and children (at least not until the children reach adolescence), while thereafter, when the child must shall integrate into a community formed by others members than his family, such as the preschool or school, the watchword will not be the unconditional love, but rather the adaptation to a situation in which each child pursues his own interest. In other words, one can notice a significant rupture between the type of socialization provided by the family, in which the child is seen as a center of the universe and the moment of relative separation from the family and integration into a new type of social structure, like school, where each child is a center of the world.
Name: Ugwuanyi Joy Chinasaokwu
ReplyDeleteReg No: 15107283
Dept: CRS/SOS
LEVEL: 300
Carry Over
THE MOST IMPORTANT AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Family socialization for a child is very important because it sets the ground work for all future socialization. Family Socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. It is mainly influenced by the immediate family and friends. For example, if a child saw his/her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behaviour is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.
THE WAYS IN WHICH THE ARE VERY IMPORTANT TO OUR SOCIETY
1. To be aware of their role model and understand the effects of their behaviour is not unique to the present time. Children or adolescents whose parents are not incompatible, in the future will play an appropriate role as wives and parents.
Name: Ugwuanyi Joy Chinasaokwu
ReplyDeleteReg No: 15107283
Dept: CRS/SOS
LEVEL: 300
Carry Over
THE MOST IMPORTANT AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Family socialization for a child is very important because it sets the ground work for all future socialization. Family Socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. It is mainly influenced by the immediate family and friends. For example, if a child saw his/her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behaviour is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.
THE WAYS IN WHICH THE ARE VERY IMPORTANT TO OUR SOCIETY
1. To be aware of their role model and understand the effects of their behaviour is not unique to the present time. Children or adolescents whose parents are not incompatible, in the future will play an appropriate role as wives and parents.
EKWUEME LOVETH ONYINYECHI
ReplyDeleteENG/SOS
16208469
SOS 222
CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign Policy
Country's foreign policy, may be called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis.
The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes
Examples of foreign policy of a country
Trade
Nations sell stuff. And a lot of money is involved. Nations tax this in some form, and also have regulations about import of goods. For some nations lack of trade would decimate them - i.e. New Zealand. Thus nations trade policy will be a major part of their foreign policy.
Mutual defense agreements
The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Under the NATO charter, the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power. The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance, in response to the September 11 attacks.
Exporting democracy
In United States history, critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad. Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances. Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad. Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations
War!
This is the largest foreign policy a country can do. Thus most nations have armed forces of some form. Sending your troops in to enforce your dictates is the ultimate foreign policy. Nations form alliances to increase their strength especially when dealing with others
Domestic and external factors affect the Nigeria policy
Cultural and Historical Factors:
The cultural heritage and the history of a nation are again important and valuable factors of its Foreign Policy. The norms and traditions that characterize the life of the people of a state are highly influential factors of its foreign policy. During the process of interpreting and formulating the objectives of national interest, the decision makers are always governed by their cultural links, historical traditions and experiences.
NAME: UGWU THANKGOD IFEANYI
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17101051
DEPT: POL/CRS
GROUP: D
NUMBER: 143
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY RULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA
At the end of the colonialism in Africa, it was natural, that the political culture of the colonialist had been imbibed. The political institutions that were developed or borrowed were democratic ones. However, Africans were learning the operations of these institutions across the continent when suddenly in 1952, the Egyptians military overthrew King Farouk. This singular phenomenon unleashed a ‘bush-fire’ effect in Africa, for Sudan followed in 1958, Algeria, 1965,
Congo (Brazzaville), 1963, Zaire (Congo-Kinshasa) 1965, Central African Republic, 1966; in West Africa, Togo, 1963, Ghana 1966, Benin (Dahomey) 1963. The contagious effect of the coup d’etat continued with Nigeria taking her twice in January 1966, 1975-1979 1983, and 1993.Thisphenomenon continued in Nigeria until 1999.The military had ruled for thirty (34) years out of49 years of Independence at this time. Quantitatively many Nigerians especially the youths had lived military than civilian rule. The implications of these extensive years of military rule on democratic practices, is of course the display of military tendencies in a democratic arena. These tendencies are enunciated in the subsequentsection of the paper but how did the military come to dominate the Nigeria socio-political environment for so long a period? An examinationof the some causal variables is imperative at this point. The causes of military intrusion into the Nigerian polity could be grouped into Ecological and Societal factors, Extra-Societal and Contagious factors, Intra-military or Socio-Military and Miscellaneous variables. The African armies have been described as tending to be the most detribalized, westernized, modernized, integrated, and cohesive institutions in their respective states. The army is usually the most disciplined agency in the state. It often enjoys greater sense of national identity than other institutions. Its technical skill, including the capacity to coerceand to communicate, is the most effective agency in the country and a more vivid symbol of sovereignty than the flag, the constitution, or the parliament… (Lefever 1970). This is perhaps because they come from different cultural backgrounds and are wielded together in the army with symbol to look up to.It is instructive to note that these categories overlap and relate to military intervention at the level of supplantment. After supplantment or coming into office of the military, the norms affect the society and values of the military governance. This is transmitted through a number of channels. These are examined below.Military Values and Norms The military as an organization has its values and norms, which has made it a unique organization. These values and norms are trans-ferred to the larger society during military governance. The adoption of these values and norms within a democratic setup is hereby refereed to the dialectics of military governance. In the ex-position of the military values and norms, it was observed that the military is a puritanical orga-nization, and that the training which men receive in this institution and subsequent military expe-rience imbues them with austere attitudes and a high sense of discipline and responsibility (Hun-tington 1962). The universalistic character of achievement orientation in the award of honors and promotion is said to be endemic in the military. Thus, the values of Puritanism, discipline, rationality and achievement orientation of the military are assumed to be much more directly relevant to change and development (Odetola1982) as against the ascriptive value orientation of the rest of social organizations in African society. It is perhaps these values, which enabled the military in Nigeria to be able to execute the various National Development Plans in Nigeria. It is no news that the best National Development Plans in Nigeria were conceived and executed by the military.
EKWUEME LOVETH ONYINYECHI
ReplyDeleteENG/SOS
16208469
SOS 222
CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization. And, it is during socialization that we learn how to walk, talk, and feed ourselves, about behavioral norms that help us fit in to our society, and so much more.
Socialization is an important process through which individuals are able to interact within the society and they inherit their languages, values, norms, traditions, and customs in order for his/her peers to socially accept them. Agents of socialization in short are the people, groups, and social institutions, as well as the interactions within these groups that influence a person’s social and self-development. Agents of socialization are believed to provide the critical information needed for children to function successfully as a member of society. Some examples of such agents are family, neighborhood, schools, peers, religion, sports, the workplace, and especially the mass media.
Socialization occurs throughout our life, but some of the most important socialization occurs in childhood. So, let's talk about the most influential agents of socialization. These are the people or groups responsible for our socialization during childhood - including family, school, peers, and mass media.
Reasons why family are been consider as most necessary in our society
It is the process by which older members of a society teach their way of life to the young.
It is also the way we develop our own special personality, and this learning continues over the entire life course from infancy to old age.
Every social experience we have affects us in at least a small way, parental influences play a key role on how we grow up and view the world.
It is the family job to teach children skills, religious beliefs, and their cultural values.
Nothing is more possible to produce a happy child than a family that loves and supports them.
In addition, children also get their social identity from their family
Family is usually considered to be the most important agent of socialization. As infants, we are completely dependent on others to survive. Our parents, or those who play the parent role, are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They, along with the rest of our family, also teach us about close relationships, group life, and how to share resources. Additionally, they provide us with our first system of values, norms, and beliefs - a system that is usually a reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnic group, and more.
Families are considered to be the most important agents of primary socialization. Children are most often heavily dependent on their families to carry out their basic needs (feeding, cleaning etc.).
Families are often the first people to teach children their norms, values and beliefs. Parents do this through both verbal and non verbal communication. Families help develop levels of trust, independence, initiative (for example through demonstrating how to handle social situations), a sense of competence and ambition (such as through pushing their child in sport or academia) and also help them make decisions about who one is.
Functionalist sociologists believe that the family is a particularly important institution of social sating as it is the family which performs the crucial functions of socializing the young and meets the emotional needs of its members. According to functionalist sociologists, stable families underpin social order and economic stability.
NAME: ARUAH OGOCHUKWU JENNIFER
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL.SC/ENG
REG. NO.: 17109807
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY POLITICS
DATE: 27-4-2018
THE STRUCTURE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ITS LEGITIMACY HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MILITARY RULE IN NIGERIA.
Between 1996 and 1999, the army held power in Nigeria without interruption apart from a short
Lived return to democracy from 1979-1983.
The first military coup in Nigeria took place on January 15, 1996. The coup was led by major chukwuma Nzeogwu and other majors in the army. Some key political leaders like Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, premier of western region, sir adore Akintola, the minister of finance chief oktie Eboh, premier of northern sir Ahmadu Bello and many other top ranking officers in the armed force were killed.
On July 30, 1975, General Yakuba Gowon was ousted in a palace coup which brought them brigadier (mural Muhammad) to power as head of state.
Yakuba Gowon first act was to reinstate the federal system along with the found regions and their allotted functions.
Gowon initiated served nation building policies, the most notable of which was the national youth service coups (NYSC), a community service institution that requited one year of service by each Nigerian immediately after graduation from university of other institution of higher leaving. The Gowon years also saw the oil boom and a buoyant economy. The federal government was encouraged to take on some responsibilities formally allocated to the state, especially in the area of education. The student of government under Gowon was basically Unitarian. At the apex government was the all military supreme military council (SMC), which was the lawmaking body for the entire federation.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF MILITARY RULE IN NIGERIA.
(1) Infrastructural development: such as constitution of toads, airports, bridges, establishment of institutions e.t.c.
(2) Breaking into units: the military prevented the country from breaking into unit’s e.g. civil war.
(3) State creation: the military succeeded in the creation of states and local government councils.
(4) Nigeria foreign policy: the military brought about positive changes in the Nigeria foreign policy.
(5) Local government reforms: this was done in 1976 and 1990 making it a one-tier local government structure.
WEAKNESS OF MILITARY REGIME IN NIGERIA.
(1) Incompetent personal: the military regime constituted military personal who lacked administrative and political experience to govern.
(2) Non-tolerance to criticism: the military government does not tolerate criticism.
(3) Dictatorship: all military administrations are dictators.
(4) Independence of the judiciary: the military regimes rendered the judiciary powerless.
EFFECTS OF MILITARY RULE ON NIGERIA’S ECONOMY.
According to analysts, the economic effects of military rule were dissections. Nigeria traditional agricultural based economy was abandoned and the country became extremely dependent exports of oil, which due to frequent fluctuations in oil prices led to an unstable economy.
As a result of the military economic policy of the 1980, 45% of foreign exchange earnings were going into debt servicing and there was very little growth. REFERENCES.
Kasfir, Nelson “soldiers as policy makers in Nigeria” American universities field staff.
Anglin, D.G “Brinkmanship: the federal election of 1964-1965” international journal (spring 1965), p.184.
Balogun, O. “A tide in the affairs of men” National concord February 2, 1984.
ENWELUONYE DOMINICA CHINONSO
ReplyDelete16208438
ENG/SOS
SOS 222
CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization. And, it is during socialization that we learn how to walk, talk, and feed ourselves, about behavioral norms that help us fit in to our society, and so much more.
Socialization is an important process through which individuals are able to interact within the society and they inherit their languages, values, norms, traditions, and customs in order for his/her peers to socially accept them. Agents of socialization in short are the people, groups, and social institutions, as well as the interactions within these groups that influence a person’s social and self-development. Agents of socialization are believed to provide the critical information needed for children to function successfully as a member of society. Some examples of such agents are family, neighborhood, schools, peers, religion, sports, the workplace, and especially the mass media.
Socialization occurs throughout our life, but some of the most important socialization occurs in childhood. So, let's talk about the most influential agents of socialization. These are the people or groups responsible for our socialization during childhood - including family, school, peers, and mass media.
Reasons why family are been consider as most necessary in our society
It is the process by which older members of a society teach their way of life to the young.
It is also the way we develop our own special personality, and this learning continues over the entire life course from infancy to old age.
Every social experience we have affects us in at least a small way, parental influences play a key role on how we grow up and view the world.
It is the family job to teach children skills, religious beliefs, and their cultural values.
Nothing is more possible to produce a happy child than a family that loves and supports them.
In addition, children also get their social identity from their family
Family is usually considered to be the most important agent of socialization. As infants, we are completely dependent on others to survive. Our parents, or those who play the parent role, are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They, along with the rest of our family, also teach us about close relationships, group life, and how to share resources. Additionally, they provide us with our first system of values, norms, and beliefs - a system that is usually a reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnic group, and more.
Families are considered to be the most important agents of primary socialization. Children are most often heavily dependent on their families to carry out their basic needs (feeding, cleaning etc.).
Families are often the first people to teach children their norms, values and beliefs. Parents do this through both verbal and non verbal communication. Families help develop levels of trust, independence, initiative (for example through demonstrating how to handle social situations), a sense of competence and ambition (such as through pushing their child in sport or academia) and also help them make decisions about who one is.
Functionalist sociologists believe that the family is a particularly important institution of social sating as it is the family which performs the crucial functions of socializing the young and meets the emotional needs of its members. According to functionalist sociologists, stable families underpin social order and economic stability.
NAME: CHIKWENDU CHIMDIMMA ESTHER
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 16108227
DEPT: CRS/SOS
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
LECTURER: MRS. OGENYI .N.
DATE: 7/5/2018
1. WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY
Family
Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know. For example, they show the child how to use objects (such as clothes, computers, eating utensils, books, bikes); how to relate to others (some as “family,” others as “friends,” still others as “strangers” or “teachers” or “neighbors”); and how the world works (what is “real” and what is “imagined”). As you are aware, either from your own experience as a child or from your role in helping to raise one, socialization includes teaching and learning about an unending array of objects and ideas.
Sociologists recognize that race, social class, religion, and other societal factors play an important role in socialization. For example, poor families usually emphasize obedience and conformity when raising their children, while wealthy families emphasize judgment and creativity (National Opinion Research Center 2008). This may occur because working-class parents have less education and more repetitive-task jobs for which it is helpful to be able to follow rules and conform. Wealthy parents tend to have better educations and often work in managerial positions or careers that require creative problem solving, so they teach their children behaviors that are beneficial in these positions. This means children are effectively socialized and raised to take the types of jobs their parents already have, thus reproducing the class system (Kohn 1977). Likewise, children are socialized to abide by gender norms, perceptions of race, and class-related behaviors.
2. STATE VARIOUS REASONS WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY
Socialization is the process of learning how to become part of a culture. Through socialization one learns the culture's language, their role in life, and what is expected from them. Socialization is a very important process in the forming of personality. Socialization occurs when one interacts with other people. Socialization allows all individuals in a community to develop very similar values, norms, and beliefs (O'Neil, 2009). Socialization is a lifelong process, though the early stages of socialization are crucial (Shepard, 2009, p. 90). Without Socialization a person will develop different physical and mental disabilities. Socialization is a very important life process.
The socialization of young children is very important. During the first few years of children's live, children interacts only with a few different people, mostly family. Everything children see and hear leaves an impression on them. In this time children learn to walk, learn talk, develop the ability to have a relationship, and start developing personality. A very important part of socialization is role taking. The first step in role taking is the preparatory stage. The Preparatory stage is also known as the imitation stage. This stage begins shortly after the first year of life. In this stage children imitate things happening around them, including sounds and physical movement, but do not understand what they are imitating. Around age three or four children begin the play stage. In the play stage children start to take the role of one person at a time (Chapter 4: Socialization). Children pretend to be a mother, father, police officer, firefighter, teacher, doctor, or someone the children know or see; most likely someone the children look up to.
Name: Ezema Lilian Chimeeogo
ReplyDeleteDept: Eng/Sos
Reg No: 16208445
Level: 200
Summary of an assignment
WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY?
Should parents get the credit when their children turn out to be good kids and even go on to accomplish great things in life? Should they get the blame if their children turn out to be bad? No parent deserves all the credit or blame for their children’s successes and failures in life, but the evidence indicates that our parents do affect us profoundly. In many ways, we even end up resembling our parents in more than just appearance.
Sociology Making a Difference in making us has an understanding on Racial Socialization
In a society that is still racially prejudiced, African American parents continue to find it necessary to teach their children about African American culture and to prepare them for the bias and discrimination they can expect to encounter.
Name: UGWUOKE JULIET ODINAKA
ReplyDeleteReg No: 16108357
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
The most important agent of socialization that impacts social development is family.
The socialization that we receive in childhood has a lasting effect on our ability to interact with others in society. In this lesson, we identify and discuss four of the most influential agents of socialization in childhood: family, school, peers, and media.
Family
There is no better way to start than to talk about the role of family in our social development, as family is usually considered to be the most important agent of socialization. As infants, we are completely dependent on others to survive. Our parents, or those who play the parent role, are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They, along with the rest of our family, also teach us about close relationships, group life, and how to share resources. Additionally, they provide us with our first system of values, norms, and beliefs - a system that is usually a reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnic group, and more.
For example, Alexander, a young boy who lives in America, was born to an immigrant family. He grew up bilingual and was taught the importance of collectivistic values through socialization with his family. This experience differs drastically from someone born to an older, 'traditional' American family that would emphasize the English language and individualistic values.
1. Your family is your support system
Doesn’t it feel nice to have a set a people in the world who always have your back? Your family stands by you through thick and thin. Think about the following situation. You may feel low because you are still stuck in a queue for promotion at work, but your family makes sure that office troubles are kept at bay when you’re with them.
2. Your family loves you in a way no one can
They are your 3 a.m. people. Even if you stay in a different city and away from your family, you know they’ll always receive your phone call in the middle of the night. They are the ones who stick up for you when you are let down by your best friend or your girlfriend/boyfriend.
3. Your family gives you a sense of belonging
You can’t wait to return home every night or every month or in some cases, every year. You share an unique relationship with your family – your father, your mother, your siblings and your grandparents. These are the ones who define the kind of a person you are because they have seen you at your best and they have sure seen you at your worst.
4. Your family entertains you
I can’t bring myself to believe that a family can be devoid of any crazy stories. Your brother may leave no stone unturned to embarrass you every time you both go out, but is not that one of the reasons why he is so adorable and why you can’t imagine your life without him? Absolute so! Family is nothing if not a bunch of people who make you laugh and cry and sometimes, do both at the very same time.
NAME: ONAH MERCY CHIDIEBERE
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 16108363
DEPARTMENT: SOS/IGBO
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
The most important agent of socialization that impacts social development is peers
The lessons of life Family teaches you the basic lessons in life that you need to survive. For example, hygiene, eating, and behaving in a way that is acceptable in your own family so it does not affect your social development as much as your peers do. Generally speaking, the most important agent of socialization is family; however, your peers have a bigger impact on your social development Agents of socialization The most important agent of socialization that impacts social development is peers Greatest Impact Your peers are the ones who have the biggest impact on your social development because . At School is an agent that is said to be the core of your social development At the workplace Your workplace also plays
a considerable role in your social
development They are the ones who teach you how to interact with people in the real world Your peers teach you the norms of society and the norms of the general group or age group of people you will interact with If you break it down it is more your peers that you meet at school that build your social skills. Nevertheless, you learn essential skills at school that you will need for the rest of your life such as the compulsory courses like Math, English etc. The workplace provides you with social skills that you learn later on in life, not the basic skills that are essential for you to function in society Skills needed for one to function are developed through the interaction of peers The Media Mass media is an agent that does not so much develop your social skills, but gives you an idea or image of things that are accepted in society Ideas seen on the television by viewers display what is socially acceptable and what is not (even if it is not always true because the media can often be misleading)
NAME: ASOGWA JOY AMARACHI
ReplyDeleteDEPT: CRS/SOS
REG NO: 16108226
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
NO 1
WHICH PART OF AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY?
The most important agent of socialization that impacts social development is family.
Socialization
How do we learn to interact with other people? Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be 'human nature' is actually learned through socialization. And, it is during socialization that we learn how to walk, talk, and feed ourselves, about behavioral norms that help us fit in to our society, and so much more.
Socialization occurs throughout our life, but some of the most important socialization occurs in childhood. So, let's talk about the most influential agents of socialization. These are the people or groups responsible for our socialization during childhood - including family, school, peers, and mass media.
NO 2
STATE VARIOUS REASON WHY THERE ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY
1. Family Make Children Future
A family is the only place where children learning a lot after the school. In school, teachers taught children about the subjects which will help them to find a good job in future. But in the home, Family taught children about habits, discipline, behavior which do not only help them to find a good job but also help them to live a great life in future. This is the main reason why the family is important for kids.
Top 4 Reason Why Family Is Important In Our Society
Why family is important in your life? It is a good question to ask yourself. Because you are not here without your mom and dad. I strongly recommend you, after reading this whole post, just ask yourself “why family is important in your life”.
Basically, most of you may know the importance of your family. But you guys never know, there are some families living together without any love or affection between each other. I hope, this post will help such people and get back them into a happy family life.
1. Family Make Children Future
A family is the only place where children learning a lot after the school. In school, teachers taught children about the subjects which will help them to find a good job in future. But in the home, Family taught children about habits, discipline, behavior which do not only help them to find a good job but also help them to live a great life in future. This is the main reason why the family is important for kids.
2. Family Stays With You In Any Situation
This is one of the great advantages of family and many of us never realize this at any time.
You may have lots of friends or relatives or office mates. They will definitely be with you in your happy times or any successful achievements. But, your parents, sisters, and brothers are the only ones will stay with you in your hard and difficult times. In very rare situation your friends and/or relative stands with you in your hard times. But your family members will always stand with you.
3. FAMILY MAKE BETTER SOCIETY
A perfect family is a great example of the whole society. Do you agree with me?
Father, mother, children all of them have to work in order to build a perfect family. If any of them failed then the whole family collapsed. Many families face this situation very much nowadays. The good name of the whole family ruined by a single member of the family. That is really sad but it is a bitter truth.
NAME: EDE GUDEON SUNDAY
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 16208437
DEPT: ENG/SOS
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
LECTURER: MRS. OGENYI .N.
DATE: 8/5/2018
ASSIGNMENT ON SOS 222 CITIZENSHIP
(1.) WHICH AGENT IS MORE IMPORTANT AND STATE YOU’RE VARIOUS REASONS
Before we state talking about the agents of socialization, we should first of formost look into the meaning of socialization.
As the name implies, socialization can be defined as a process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, language, social skills and value to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community. It is a combination of both self-imposed (because the individual wants to conform) and externally-imposed rues, and the expectations of the others in an organizational setting, socialization refers to the process through which a new employee, learns the ropes; by becoming sensitive to the formal and informal power structure and the explicit and implicit rules of behavior, see also organizational culture and orientation.
The agents of socialization h have choosen is the “School as an agent of socialization.
The traditional roles of school is to maintain and promote the status quo. The school formally initiates the child into his outer society, by exposing him to seats of interactions with classmates and teachers in this way the school helps to reuses in his family. According to Obasi (1988), the school Operates:
1. To forster in the child sentiment and loyalties that go beyond the family to live the child with the wide social order and complex network of relationship.
2. To lessen familiar ties to parents and relatives initiates him into social institutions and interactions the cut across kindred and neighborhood groupings and perhaps regional or national boundaries.
(2.) REASON FOR CHOOSEN SCHOOL AS ON AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. The school as an agents of socialization, forster honest in the life of the child by those experiences the child had under the guidance of the school.
2. The school helps to bring in the minds of the child the spirit of obedience by adhering to the laws that is guiding his or her community. The school can perform this tax properly by teaching the child some subjects that is important in the child development.
3. School as an gents of socialization helps to imbibe in the child the minds of cooperating with the fellow students classmate. They also teach the child about his or her right how to excise those rights and when to do that.
The school is expected to establish socioeconomic and political order for the maintenance of the status quo thereby ensuring the cultural continuity of the society. Paradoxically, the same school is seen as a catalyst of innovation and change via the optimal encouragement of initiative and creativity among the youths. The school inculcates discipline and other approved behaviours for the child’s interactions with his society.
How the school performs the function of socialization.
1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal way provides the child with:
i. Gender roles as perceived as suitable roles by the society.
2. Educational system socialize student to become member of society to play meaningful roles in the complex network of independent positions.
3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes to the needs of the contemporary society.
4. Education widens the natural horizons of pupils and teaches them new ways of looking at themselves and their society.
5. Education offers young people opportunities for intellectual emotional and social growth. This education can be influential in promoting new values and stimulating adaptation of changing conditions.
6. Schooling enables one to intendize the culture of one’s society.
Summary
Those education will rain useful citizens who will obediently confirm to society norms, and will accept the roles and status that society will confer upon them when they have finished their schooling.
NAME: UGWANYI FAITH CHIOMA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: ENGLISH/SOS
REG.NO: 16208515
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
QUESTION:
1. WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY.
2. STATE VARIOUS REASON WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY.
Socialization is the process of learning a particular culture, norms and value. The most important agent of socialization in our country is family.
Family can be defined as a group of people related by blood. Family is the most important agent of socialization in society because as infant our parent or those who play the parental roles are responsible for teaching us to function and care for our self. Family is also referred to a means of continuous social world for infant and children. The family provide the child inter-social identity in terms of race, religion, and social class and gender.
REASON WHY AGENTS OFAGENTSOCIALIZATION ARE VERY NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY
THE SCHOOL is necessary in our society because it transfer subject knowledge and teach life skills ; such as direction and meeting deadlines ; student don’t just learn from the academic but also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers . Staff, and other student, with them we learn how to obey authority, how to be successful, to be quiet and also how to act interested .
MASS MEDIA the media is usually one key influence on them, what they see, observe and hear from the media usually stick to them, it perceive as empowering us with wider information, knowledge about the wider world.
PEAR GROUP: Pear group gives us opportunities as children to from relationship with others on our won term, and it also help us learn something without the direction of an adult.
FAMILY: Family provide the child with his or her first social contact with the social world and it is through it that the correct partners of behaviour are internalized and learnt. How to live life, care, happiness are given by their parent and how they could grow and see the world around them
NAME: ONAH CHINEDU SABINA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: ENGLISH/SOS
REG.NO: 16208487
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
QUESTION:
1. WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY.
2. STATE VARIOUS REASON WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY.
Socialization is the process of learning a particular culture, norms and values. There are two types of socialization, primary and secondary socialization.
Primary socialization takes place at home and in school. This can include manners, what is right and wrong and even working and talking. It can be said that primary education gets us ready for the adult world.
Secondary socialization occurs in adulthood. It takes place outside of the home and whiles in work or in public this builds on a person’s primary socialization and enable them to live in the society
1. The most important agent of socialization is family. This is a group of people united together by blood, marriage and adoption. It is regarded as the most important agent of socialization because the family is the first and most continuous social world for infant and children. The family provide the children inter-social identity in terms of race, religion, social class and gender. it is through family that the correct patterns of behaviour are internalized and learnt.
REASON WHY AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION IS NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY.
FAMILY: As an infant, we are completely dependent on others to survive, our parent or those who play the parent role are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They teach us about close relationship, group life and how to share resources. They also provide us with our first system of value, norms and belief a system that is usually of reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnics group and more. The family forms the foundation of the child’s physical, mental, spiritual and emotion development and prepare him for socialization into other social group and organisation.
SCHOOL: School is very necessary in the society because it transfer subject knowledge and teach life skill such as following: direction and meeting deadlines. In school we also learn social skill through the interaction with teachers, staff and other student. For examples we learn the important of obeying authority and that to be successful, we must learn to be quite, to wait and sometime to act interested even when we are not. The school also offer the child some kind of training in leadership. By this is meant that those children who are from the beginning, charismatic figures, are further helped by the school to acquire the tools and further develop their qualities of leadership. In this way, they can become not only good leaders of their locality or community but also leaders of good repute capable of steering the ship of state.
The school may also prepare the child to be a good follower, for only good followers can in the long-run turn out to be good leaders of any organisation or country.
PEER GROUP: It is necessary in our society as it gives us an opportunity as children to form relationship with others on our own terms and even learn thing without the direction an adult.
MASS MEDIA: It transmits information in an impersonal manner which is all the time conducted in a one way flow since the audience are passive receivers. It perceive as empowering us with wider information, knowledge about the wider world.
In conclusion, agents of socialization are usually important in every human society because it serves as the building block of such individual personality
NAME: EZE JACINTHA NDIDAMAKA
ReplyDeleteDEPT: ENGLISH/SOS
REG.NO: 16208480
COURSE CODE: SOS 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
LEVEL: 200
QUESTION:
1. WHICH PART OF THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN SOCIETY.
2. STATE VARIOUS REASON WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY.
What is socialization? Socialization is a process through which the culture of a society is transmitted to its new members.
Then, we have five agents of socialization namely: family, the school, peer group, religious institutions and the mass media. But among all these agents, family is considered to be the most important agent of socialization .As infant, we are completely dependent on others to survive our parents or those who play the parent role are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves. They along with the rest of our family also teach us about close relationships, group life and how to share resources. Again they provide us with our first system of values, norms and belief a system that is usually a reflection of their own social status, religion, ethnic group.
REASON WHY AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION ARE VERY NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY.
The family: The reason why family is very necessary in our society is that, the family forms the foundation for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual and emotional development and prepares him for socialization into other social groups and organisations. In the family, children learns how to respect the elders and those in positions of authority, prohibition of socially undesirable habits, table manner, initiation into certain traditional rites, joining age grades, learning their parents trade and crafts etc, all these is to ensure that they becomes a well-adapted member of their society. The Family is therefore, primary both in shaping the child’s personality and in providing its basic socialization. All early skills, values and ideas are acquired in the home and they are usually very difficult to part with.
The school: by about the age of six, the child starts school and when the child comes to the school, his formal exposed to a planned programmed of activities aimed at improving the mode of socialization in his society. Although schools in the past were regarded as an imposition aimed at disrupting the already existing traditional system, the reverse is now the case. People now struggle to gain admissions into schools because of their contribution to the over-all socialization and advancement of our children.
Peer group: As the child grows older, his contemporaries begin to influence him. He spends most of his spare hours outside his work and study schedule with his peers in the playground and places outside his home. He learns from them and they also learn from him. With the passage of time, the peer group influence surpasses at of parents significantly. It is not surprising that teen age is the age of parent-child misunderstands.
Religious institutions: A religious institution is very necessary in our society because it is a place for the proper moulding of the child’s moral and spiritual personality. Right at birth, the child who is into a Christian family is introduced to the churches along with the doctrines which are inculcated into the child. In this way, the child is familiarized with the commandments of God and our duties to our fellow men.
Mass media: Apart from newspapers which carry printed words, the two other mass media, the radio and television, exercise tremendous influence on individual socialization development. The media of mass communication have in particular become increasingly important owing to this rise in literacy level. Indeed, in the modern Nigeria and other society, the media of mass communication are play significant in the socialization process.
NAME: ENEH CHINECHEREM JOY
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 17109401
DEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NUMBER: 87
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA POLITICS?
The present strategy for military withdrawal early in Nigeria is the second such exercise in the country's post-pioneer understanding. The key completed in 1979 with the choice to the Presidency of Shehu Shagari. Following four years of standard neighborhood address, his National social gathering Of Nigeria was re-decided to Office however immediately expelled in a Coup drove by Major-General Muhammed Buhari. Following twenty months Buhari was himself expelled by the Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Ibrahim Babangida who set himself up as pioneer of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRO. Babangida quickly moved to set up a military position of lead inverse the standard subject masses. Not as much as seven days after his mediation Babangida approved the affiliation's validation that speaking to body required the consent of the general open with a particular certified objective to accomplish its goals. There was trade in some Nigerian circles that Babangida had seen the closeness of a social contract in like way military relations and responsibilities. The affiliation moved quickly to change the country's fiscal weight and to formalize its conclusion duty concerning the technique for military withdrawal. Its first need was, regardless, to achieve money related quality and specific cash related issues were seen.
THE PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
1. A decrease in family age joined by a continued with increase in people;
2. A dependence on imports for both client stock and foul materials for industry;
3. A horrendously unequal opening between the rich and poor; and
4. The critical imagined by individuals when all is said in done piece in real money related activities with scarcely any strong results to legitimize such a zone, a show to the failure of parastatals these four sections set the stage for following government improvement concerning the economy with systems that damage up key to the approach of military detachment.
NAME: IKECHUKWU FAVOUR
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109346 GROUP C. (NO. 109)
DEPT: POL.SC./ ENG
LEVEL:100
PROBLEMS OF MILITARY DISENGAGEMENT IN POLITICS
BACKGROUND
When the term military disengagement comes to bear, it brings about a pounder on the military question which is “ would military officers who have been used to enjoying certain prerequisites and privileges of political power and who have been accustomed to being treated as lords like the politicians before them be content with the prestigious life of the barracks?”.
The process of handling over political power to an elected government is called transition. Also this transition enjoyed more confidence among Nigerians and the international community more than the last two military transitions. This confidence was partly derived from the release of political prisoners, grant amnesty to other political prisoners and exiles, strong and definite statements of return to civil rule and other measures which gradually but steadily built up since the crisis of June 12, 1993 and the killing of Ogoni activists in November 1995. This to a large extent explain Finer’s analysis stated above that the leaders actually wanted his troops to quit politics and with INEC being independent of government intervention, it would be able to establish a regime capable of forestalling military intervention and assistance. It also encompasses Huntington’s establishment of political authority and a process to constitutional evolution though the constitution drafted may not rightly be regarded as the people’s constitution as there were clamors and calls especially from the south east and south west and the Niger delta on marginalization. However, one must note that this demand could only be made because of the new atmosphere of freedom and the regimes preparedness to allow fundamental human rights to reign including freedom of speech, protests and association.
CONCLUDING
The analysis of Abdulsalami Abubarka’s transition program above has shown that it has fulfilled almost all of theoretical conditions stated in this work, as such, we could expect less military intervention in the nearest future, however, the potentials of popular force in a counter hegemony against the military was also applied to this case. These popular forces are the people and it is obvious that any transition process or disengagement process that is anti people or that is not participatory and supervised by the people is doomed to fail somehow either sooner or later. The people were ready, they have heard enough of military rule, they wanted change. Some sort of counter-coup perhaps.
One must also note that the Nigerian army on its part has introduced a program of political education, operation service alert (OSA), basically aimed at teaching national awareness and inculcating the soldiers the ethics of military professionalism. The Nigerian defense academy (NDA) is also turning out graduate officials which would make the army officials, soldier-intellectuals whose academic exposure could render the current political indoctrination exercise relevant (Huntington’s inculcation of military ethics through military professionalism)
NAME: NNAJI NONYEREM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: SOS/IGBO
REG NO: 14106230
LEVEL: (CARRY OVER)
COURSE TITLE: NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND MODERNIZATION
COURSE CODE: SOS 221
THE PART OF AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION THAT IS MOST IMPORTANT IN OUR SOCIETY
Socialization is an important process through which individuals are able to interact within the society and they inherit their languages, values, norms, traditions, and customs in order for his/her peers to socially accept them. Agents of socialization in short are the people, groups, and social institutions, as well as the interactions within these groups that influence a person’s social and self-development. Agents of socialization are believed to provide the critical information needed for children to function successfully as a member of society. Some examples of such agents are family, neighborhood, schools, peers, religion, sports, the workplace, and especially the mass media.
The process of socialization is better understood when examining how heredity and environment function alone. Socialization begins in the womb and ends in the grave. Individuals learn attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture through human interaction. We learn from those people who matter most in our lives—family members, friends, and teachers.
Family is most important agents of socialization but they are not the only source of socialization when it comes to kids. In this paper is discussing the most important factors of socialization in our society and what we perceive to be a turning point in our children lives. Believe it or not but parents, family, educational institutions, and media are socializing agents who carry out the process of socialization.
THE REASONS WHY THEY ARE NECESSARY IN OUR SOCIETY
1. It is the family job to teach children skills, religious beliefs, and their cultural values.
2. Nothing is more possible to produce a happy child than a family that loves and supports them.
3. In addition, children also get their social identity from their family.
4. The family assumes the chief responsibility of developing a child, and has a substantial guise in the integration with society. The family is the primary support system for a child, especially during the first phase of their lives when they are physically and, in most cases, emotionally closest to a child. During this time, they will provide the greatest support and influence. This will extend over factors such as values, beliefs, political aspects, religious appetites, and the child's overall outlook on society in its entirety.
5. It is the process by which older members of a society teach their way of life to the young.
6. It is also the way we develop our own special personality, and this learning continues over the entire life course from infancy to old age.
7. Every social experience we have affects us in at least a small way, parental influences play a key role on how we grow up and view the world.
8. Children's minds are like sponges that absorb teachings; they will mimic, appreciate, worship, and accept views, behaviors, and even possessions of their parents. It is evident that the social development in a child is heavily manipulated by the family.
9. Furthermore, the family unit has the ability to effect change to the next generation. Parents inculcate their beliefs and values to their children from a young age, and that value system can be perpetuated from one generation to the next
NAME: AWUGO BENJAMIN CHINWEUBA
ReplyDeleteREG NO: 16108353
DEPART: SOS/IGBO
COURSE CODE: 222
COURSE TITLE: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
Which of part of agent socialization is very important in our society
Socialization is the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society. It is an organizing to the principles of socialism. Socialization is the process through which a person, from birth through death, is taught the norms, customs, values and roles of the society in which they live. This process serves to incorporate new members into a society so that they and it can function smoothly it is guided by family teachers and coaches, religions leaders, peers, community and media
There are four agents of socialization they one (1) family, school, peer group and mass media but family is seen as the most important agent of socialization family as one of agent of two or more persons related by blood marriage, or adoption and having a sharing commitment to the mutual relationship, family is the primary agent of socialization. The process of socialization begins for every one of us in the family. The parental and particularly the material influence (mother) on the child is very great the parents are the first persons to introduce to the child the culture of his group.
The first things anyone is exposed to is family. It happens in several ways, direct or acting teaching, indirect teaching observing behavior and attitude even games and bed time stories have an effect.
In the first few years of a child’s life, the child is very impressionable and at the same time looks up to his family especially his parents what he learns in these years get imprinted in his subconscious and becomes very hard to remove.
Various reasons why family is necessary in society
1. Family is important because they protect each other from danger
2. It is the most influence in a child’s life.
3. Family provide support and frame work of values to each of its members
4. Family provide for the child’s education, clothes and shelter.
5. Family provide a setting for personal growth.
6. Family teaches each other share life’s joys and sorrows.
ANIH MISKARK CHIDERA O.
ReplyDelete1709320/17109156
ECONS/POL.SC
JOHN NWAODO IS A POLITICAL ANALYZER AND OHANEZE NDI IGBO.
He is talking about Nigeria and how power are been shared in the national level. And parliament is a microcosm of the people. He also talked about restructuring Nigeria. And he ask if national assembly can rises like one man with a conscience of patriotism and façade of partisan politics partisan advantages and faces the real issues. Of the nation. He energize on our economic instability and international debts are extremely high he complain about the high killing of people today in Nigeria. He speak under a leader that we have come as elders. We have come as fathers, we have come as head of different social-cultural head existence of this country. Who look up to us the leadership to speak in the moment of this saturation? We have look at the problem of our country and we think that is solvable but we think there is lack of well. We have come to Jingar you to develop that will and to seek censorious of the leadership of the national assemble and of the political class. He said that the president should visit the issue in our country. He also talked about that the problem we have today in Nigeria imamate from the fact that our constitution is not right for a country constituted by people of diverse culture, diverse religion, diverse political persuasions.
And he complained that our system makes the tail waged the dog rather than the dog waged the tail. He said that Nigeria is the pride of Africa and if we should lose oil and agriculture that we are going know where. And he mention that history places one in a particular junction to change the other a things. He further ask how can stop and serve ournational this calamity that has fallen on us. And there comes a time when unit is inevitable we call on you member of the national assembly his up and save our country.
NAME: STEPHEN PRECIOUS O.
ReplyDeleteREG. NO: 17109232(OLD)/17109237(NEW)
GROUP B
SERIAL NO.: 62
NAME: ONAH MIRACLE EBUBECHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
REG NO: 17109935
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NO: 138
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
QUESTION: SUMMARY THE VIDEO CLIP BY NNAA NWODO
Nwodo Appeal to the National Assembly, he talked about the various aspect of our country, the various sectors and called upon the president and the National Assembly to do something where we are lacking behind.
The president OHANAEZE NDI IGBO talked on the position of the national assembly and the power which the constitution embedded on them and how they could use it positively; Nigeria democratic system of government is very poor because the citizen’s suffrage is not working and being denied. A country where their economic stability is a mess, our GDP is very high, a country where it has been recorded more than 1000 killing for no just reason and the government is doing nothing about it.
If our country continues like this by 2020 to 2024 our country will be economically dependent on other countries on the side of our oil sector. In these nation, power is being over concentrated on the federal government, the three tires of government are no longer allowed to work freely as supposed especially the Judicial arm.
This country is a mess and I support Mr Nwodo, imagine a country where 17 head of the police came from the same State of the President, for what!!!? So we plead and beg Mr President and the National Assembly to do something about this country especially on the areas such as our national security, adult suffrage, oil sector, over concentration of power on the Federal Government, Independent of the Judiciary, our GDP rate of increase and lack of Job Opportunities for our youth etc. so that these country will be a better one.
NAME: CHUKWUEZE BENEDETH OGECHI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: ECONS/POL SC
REG NO: 17109162
COURSE CODE: POL 126
GROUP: A (AGUYI IRONSI)
NO: 12
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
QUESTION: SUMMARY THE VIDEO CLIP BY NNAA NWODO
The speaker Nna Nwodo the President of Ohaneze Ndi Igbo rendered an interest to the National Assembly. He said that the nation is in an exceptionally troublesome minute and that is the reason they went to the National Assembly in light of its not at all like position in the constitution and except if the National Assembly rises like one man with still, small voice and a patriotism and face main problems, the mission will remain on the edge of a slope security is in genuine threat. This is on the grounds that our worldwide obligations are to a great degree high today while young people have surrendered trust as they are making due with incredible trouble.
He expresses that the rate of individuals being killed in Nigeria today is high as they have recorded in excess of 1000 in this way being killed in multi year and the astonishing thing is that security powers are not appearing and response. He says that there is absence of trust in the organizations of government particularly the establishment that are in charge of low and request.
The speaker advance to the National Assembly to build up the wheel of initiative, he additionally look for an agreement or the administration or the National Assembly and of the political class who have the important Legislative strengthening by our constitution to settle on choices that can reinvest our circumstance
The speaker stressed that they have came to tell the National Assembly that legislature has flopped in our nation that the Columbic improvement has fizzled in view of over convergence of intensity in the Federal Government as opposed to the understanding that our fore dads went into for an association called Nigeria. He disclosed to Mr President that the standard of our economy is oil that without oil, the economy of this nation can't be maintained in light of the fact that consistently they share the offers of oil and appropriate it among government and focus basically on repetitive consumption.
He clarifies that Netherland trades simply vegetable and make around 10 billion dollars in a years. The speaker regretted that since the historical backdrop of Nigeria, our oil send out blend never accomplished such a regular lip.
He says that we have palm oil and cocoa that they can likewise be demonstrate for trade. He clarifies that each state in this nation has residential so additionally security. He offers that there ought to be local police since we are just depending in self-preservation, thus, Mr President his associates and Federal Security can't present the high gore in this nation nor avert float into ethnic networks.
He clarifies that when the oil goes the best wellspring of national income will originate from hackathons in light of the fact that the Lord has imposing business model of creatures farming riches, vegetables and restraining infrastructure on journal. The difficulties she has is that National consideration has not been given to the improvement of it for send out. The speaker clarifies that they have gone to the National Assembly to make ethnic portrayal, yet have called to improve it to Rebekah that if this does not happed, that they (south) have no option but rather to look for the long division of our nation, yet God Forbid that.
He accentuation this is the last and urgent endeavors to presents their issues and to address control. He says that if Santa Marta brought of favored memory or Isaac and Chippewa administer couldn't concur, they would not have been anything called freedom. In this nation the speaker ascertain by saying that a period will come when solidarity will be imperceptible interests on individuals from the National Assembly to ascend.
Very good but you people should be concious of your grammer it is very poor and try to improve on that for a better understanding. Thanks your Moderator Mrs. Ogenyi
ReplyDeleteNAME: IGWE EMILIA EKWUTOSI
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
REG NO: 17109827
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
GROUP: C (MURTALA MUHAMMED)
NO: 107
QUESTION: AN APPEAL BY NNAA NWODO THE PRESIDENT OHANAZA NDI IGBO TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
This is a difficult issue for the country and visiting the National Assembly is the best place to get solution because it has important position in the constitution, the country rests on three arms of government which are the legislature, executive and judiciary which functions in accordance with the law made by the National Assembly. Nnaa Nwodo is just insinuating on the misleading of the National Assembly that if they rise as one body without the interference of any other body there will be no problem in the country like economic problem in the country like economic problem and the rise of International Monetary Fund is in a serious problem.
We are practising a type of government where by all the powers and authorise are shared between the three arms of government that is the Federal, State and Local Government, while it seems as if we are practising a unitary system of government where by the powers and authority lies only in the central authority. He also lamented on the rate in which people are being killed today in Nigeria in one year, we have recorded more than 1000 killings. What is surprising results these killings are not matched with equal reaction by the security forces in our country there is a resultant lack of confidence in the institutions that are responsible for law and order. He also insisted that the problem we have is the over centralization of the Federal Government. Upon our forefathers fault for one Nigeria but in this situation one path is now treating other as if there are not Nigeria. Nigeria have been moving forward e.g. they were the first country in black to build the first iron and steel complex in Black Africa, China and the OECD countries have put a time limit between 2020 and 2024 to stop production of any machines dependent on fossil oil the immediate consequences of this is that there is going to be a fundamental phenomenon away decline in the demand for oil 2020 is only two years. He lamented on our crude oil that it supposed to give us a lot of money, but it seems as if things are not happening if you go to Malaysia their main source of income is palm oil of which they collected from our country and their making a lot of money there etc. Security purposes, there is a lot of insecurity purpose in Nigeria because Mr. President don’t want to say anything about security.
NAME: OGBU LOVELYN CHISOM
ReplyDeleteDEPARTMENT: POL SC/ENG
REG NO: 17109913
COURSE CODE: POL 126
COURSE TITLE: MILITARY IN POLITICS
LEVEL: 100
GROUP: D (IBRAHIM BABANGIDA)
NO: 130
AN APPEAL BY NNAA NWODO THE PRESIDENT OHANAZA NDI IGBO TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The speaker Nna Nwodo the President of Ohaneze Ndi Igbo rendered an enthusiasm to the National Assembly. He said that the country is in a particularly troublesome moment and that is the reason they went to the National Assembly in light of its not in the least like position in the constitution and aside from if the National Assembly rises like one man with still, little voice and a patriotism and face primary issues, the mission will stay on the edge of a slant security is in veritable risk. This is in light of the fact that our overall commitments are to an extraordinary degree high today while youngsters have surrendered trust as they are raising due with mind boggling hell.
He communicates that the rate of people being killed in Nigeria today is high as they have recorded more than 1000 thusly being killed in multi year and the astounding thing is that security powers are not showing up and reaction. He says that there is nonappearance of trust in the associations of government especially the foundation that are accountable for low and demand.
The speaker progress to the National Assembly to develop the wheel of activity, he also search for an understanding or the organization or the National Assembly and of the political class who have the vital Legislative fortifying by our constitution to settle on decisions that can reinvest our situation
The speaker focused on that they have came to tell the National Assembly that council has floundered in our country that the Columbic change has failed in perspective of over union of force in the Federal Government instead of the understanding that our fore fathers went into for an affiliation called Nigeria. He revealed to Mr President that the standard of our economy is oil that without oil, the economy of this country can't be kept up in light of the way that reliably they share the offers of oil and suitable it among government and spotlight fundamentally on redundant utilization.
He clears up that Netherland exchanges basically vegetable and make around 10 billion dollars in a years. The speaker lamented that since the chronicled background of Nigeria, our oil convey mix never expert such a general lip.
He says that we have palm oil and cocoa that they can similarly be show for exchange. He illuminates that each state in this country has private so moreover security. He offers that there should be neighborhood police since we are simply depending in self-protection, along these lines, Mr President his partners and Federal Security can't present the high gut in this country nor deflect drift into ethnic systems.
He elucidates that when the oil goes the best wellspring of national pay will start from hackathons in light of the way that the Lord has forcing plan of action of animals cultivating wealth, vegetables and controlling framework on diary. The troubles she has is that National thought has not been given to the change of it for convey. The speaker clears up that they have gone to the National Assembly to make ethnic depiction, yet have called to enhance it to Rebekah that if this does not happed, that they (south) have no alternative but instead to search for the long division of our country, yet God Forbid that.
He complement this is the last and dire undertakings to presents their issues and to address control. He says that if Santa Marta brought of favored memory or Isaac and Chippewa regulate couldn't agree, they would not have been anything called opportunity. In this country the speaker find out by saying that a period will come when solidarity will be impalpable interests on people from the National Assembly to rise.