LESSON NOTE FOR SOS 222 2018

Citizenship Education

The concept of socialization

Socialization otherwise known as ‘ internalization of culture’ is a lifelong process by which human beings transmit and learn particular thought, feeling and behaviour processes and patterns required for social perpetuation of, social adaptation to, and social transformation of, culturally determined conditioned and expectations, such as learning ones language, behaving according to the norms and values of the culture, understanding social roles one is expected to perform as one relate to others, and developing complex skills and techniques with which to adapt to as well as transform ones social and physical environment.    

Socialization is a learning process that begins in conception and shortly after birth.  Early childhood is the period of the most intense and the most crucial socialization.  It is then that we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture.  It is also when much of our personality takes shape. 

 Human infants are born without any culture.  They must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural and socially adept animals.  The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as socialization.  During socialization, we learn the language of the culture we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life.  For instance, girls learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers.  In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society has in stock for them.  We also learn and usually adopt our culture's norms through the socialization process. 

Norms are the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society.  While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term enculturation for the process of being socialized to a particular culture.  You were acculturated to your specific culture by your parents and the other people who raised you.

Socialization is important in the process of personality formation.  While much of human personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can mold it in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing experiences. 

Successful socialization can result in uniformity within a society.  If all children receive the same socialization, it is likely that they will share the same beliefs and expectations.  This fact has been a strong motivation for national governments around the world to standardize education and make it compulsory for all children.  Deciding what things will be taught and how they are taught is a powerful political tool for controlling people. 

Those who internalize the norms of society are less likely to break the law or to want radical social changes.   In all societies, however, there are individuals who do not conform to culturally defined standards of normalcy because they were "abnormally" socialized, which is to say that they have not internalized the norms of society.  These people are usually labeled by their society as deviant or even mentally ill. 

Large-scale societies, such as the United States, are usually composed of many ethnic groups.  As a consequence, early socialization in different families often varies in techniques, goals, and expectations.  Since these complex societies are not culturally homogenous, they do not have unanimous agreement about what should be the shared norms.  Not surprisingly, this national ambiguity usually results in more tolerance of social deviancy--it is more acceptable to be different in appearance, personality, and actions in such large-scale societies.

Types of socialization

 Children are socialized according to different cultures we have two broad types of teaching methods--formal and informal.  Formal education is what primarily happens in a classroom.  It is usually structured, controlled, and directed primarily by adult teachers who are professionals.  In contrast, informal education can occur anywhere.  It involves imitation of what others do and say as well as experimentation and repetitive practice of basic skills.  This is what happens when children role-play adult interactions in their games.

Women and girls are the most crucial in socializing children.  Initially, mothers and their female relatives are primarily responsible for socialization.  Later, when children enter the lower school grades, they are usually under the control of their teachers. Even seemingly insignificant actions of parents can have major impacts on the socialization of their children. 

Primary socialization: the primary aspect of socialization is the family this is where the children learn how to socialize with the family and are being thought the values and norms of the society. A well brought up child can never deviate from those norms that were being transferred to as a child. We can also see the primary socialization as those ones got from the nursery and primary school, at this stage the child is very tender and sees her teacher as a role model. The child sees the teacher as the most educated even when the parents are more educated than the teacher still the child believes in the teacher and values the teacher’s education more than the parents. The child can never believe that the teacher can make a mistake. If the parents find out that the teacher has made a mistake to correct the child becomes problematic, the simple way is to correct the teacher and the child learns from the teacher. Even though the child meets peer group at this stage they are not as strong as the secondary peers that can influence them more. Primary socialization is very important in a child’s life. It is a stage we call the formative stage whereby the children should be handled carefully for them not to have a bias mind in growing up and in forming their own opinion.

Secondary Socialization: when we talk about the secondary socialization our mind should go to school a bit higher than the nursery and primary school. This time around is the secondary school. At this stage we can say that the child has passed the stage of infantry.  It is an adolescent stage, a stage we call crisis stage. This time the child wants to be independent. He or she would like to confide in his/her friend. They also see themselves as an adult.  The child has known what is right or wrong. The child also can challenge the teacher in terms of knowledge. It is at this stage that the child meets peer groups that are very strong and can influence them. This stage a well brought up child can be influenced by the peers. Those that can be influenced are those that do not have strong self will. Most of the times are children from broken homes (divorced) or those from a quarrelsome family where the father and the mother fights everyday, and some families that have some lapses. This stage is a critical stage for children in taking decision or making choice.

Adult socialization: this has to do with grownups socializing with friends. Socialization has no end we continue to socialize with people until we die. As an adult there are stages of adulthood: the early adulthood, the middle adulthood, and the aging years. According to Atkinson, Atkinson and Hilgard (1983: 98 ):

Middle adulthood: they further explained that for many people, the middle years of adulthood (roughly ages 40-65) are the most productive period. Men in their forties are usually at the peak of their careers. Women have less responsibility at home now that the children are growing up and can devote more time to career or civic activities. This is the age group that essentially runs society, in terms of both power and responsibility. As people approach their fifties, they change their view of life span. They begin to think in terms of years left to live. For some people who have spent their years building a successful company may leave it to return to school. For women that have developed their family may develop a new career or become active in politics. Some people at this stage may decide to live the city and retire to the village. Based on stages in life we see the angle or direction where socialization is being channeled to.

The aging years: this is the year after 65years whereby new problems arises, as declining from physical strength and facing all sorts of sickness that demoralizes them and leave them in a state of helplessness.  This time is period of loneliness and less feeling of worth and self-esteem. The aged are also faced with loss of spouse, siblings, and relations which can make their life uncomfortable. The farness of their children also affects them. The type of socialization at this time is people coming for an advice and blessing. They also socialize with the children by telling those stories of the past and folk lore. Socialization has no end it continues until we die. That is why we say that it is for a life long. Old age is time of reflection that deeply looked into how the person faces the end of life. Growing old is very interesting especially for those who lived a good life on earth. For others that their life is filled with regrets they don’t last long they keep on be mourning their lives until they die or pass away.   

 Anticipatory socialization:  this refers to a process by which men learn the culture of a group with the anticipation of joining that group or belonging to the group. People learns the proper beliefs, values and norms of a status or group to which he aspires this is learning how to ach with his new role.

 Re-socialization:  refers to the process of discarding the former behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of transition in one’s life. This type of socialization takes place mostly when a social role is radically changed. It has to do with abandonment of one way of life for another which is not only different from the former but incompatible with it. For instance when an armed robber is rehabilitated his role changed radically.

Features of socialization:

1. Inculcates basic discipline a person may learn how to control his or her impulses.
2. Thereby showing disciplined behaviour to gain social approval.
3. It helps to control human behaviour: an individual from birth to death undergoes training and his behaviour is controlled by numerous ways. To maintain the social order, there are definite procedures or mechanism in society. These procedures become part of peoples life and human being gets adjusted to the society. As time goes on socialization, society intends to control the behaviour of its members unconsciously.
4.  Rapid socialization: there is rapid socialization if there is more humanity among the agencies of socialization is more unanimous in their ideas and skills. When there is conflict between the ideas, for instance the skills transmitted in home and those transmitted by school or peer, socialization of the individual tends to be slower and ineffective.
5. Socialization takes place formally and informally: formal socialization takes place through direct instruction and education in schools and colleges. Family is however, the primary and the most influential source of education. Children learn their language, customs norms and values in the family. 
6. Socialization is a continuous process: socialization is a life long process. It does not cease when a child becomes an adult, internalization of culture continues from generation to generation. Society perpetuates itself through the internalization of culture, its members transmit culture to the next generation and society continues to exist.

Agents of socialization (Family, peer group, school, mass media, church, mosque, etc)

Socialization is a process by which culture is transmitted to the younger generation and men learn the rules and practices of social groups to which they belong. Through it that a society maintains it’s social system. Personalities do not come ready –made. The process that transforms a child into a reasonably respectable human being is a long process.

Hence every society builds an institutional framework within which socialization of the child takes place.

Culture is transmitted through the communication they have with one another and communication thus comes to be the essence of the process of culture transmission. In a society there exist a number of agencies to socialize the child. To facilitate socialization different agencies play important roles. These agencies however interrelated.

1. Family:  the family plays an outstanding role in the socialization process. In all societies other agencies besides the family contribute to socialization such as educational institutions, the peer group etc. but family plays the most important role in the formation of personality. By the time other agencies contribute to this process family has already left an imprint on the personality of the child. The parents use both reward and punishment to imbibe what is socially required from a child.

The family has informal control over its members. Family being a mini society acts as a transmission belt between the individual and society. It trains the younger generation in such a way that it can take the adult roles in proper manner. As family is primary and intimate group, it uses informal methods of social control to check the undesirable behaviour on the part of its members, the process of socialization remains a process because of the interplay between individual life cycle and family life cycle.

According to Robert, K. Merton, “it is the family which is a major transmission belt for the diffusion of cultural standards to the oncoming generation “The family serves as “the natural and convenient channel of social continuity.

2. Peer Group: peer group members a group in which the members share some common characteristics such as age or sex etc. it is made up of the contemporaries of the child, his associates in school, in play ground and in street. The growing child learns some very important lessons from his peer group. Since members of the peer group are at the same stage of socialization they freely and spontaneously interact with each other.

The members of peer groups have other sources of information about the culture and thus the acquisition of culture goes on. They view the world through the same eyes and share the same subjective attitudes. In order to be accepted by his peer group, the child must exhibit the characteristics attitudes, the likes and dislikes.

Conflict arises when standards of the peer group differ from the standards of the child family. He may consequently attempt to withdraw from the family environment. The peer group surpasses the parental influence as time goes on. This seems to be an inevitable occurrence in rapidly changing societies.

3. Religion: Religion plays a very important role in socialization. Religion instills the fear of hell in the individual so that he should refrain from bad and undesirable activities. Religion not only makes people religious but socializes them into the secular order.

4. Educational institutions: parents and peer groups are not the only agencies of the socialization in modern societies. Every civilized society therefore has developed a set of formalized agencies of education (schools, colleges and universities) which have a great bearing on the socialization process. It is in the educational institutions that the culture is formally transmitted and acquired in which the science and the art of one generation passed on to the next.

In this way, the educational institutions come next to the family for the purpose of socialization of the growing child. Educational institution is a very important socialization and the means by which individual acquires social norms and values (values of achievement civic ideals, solidarity and group loyalty etc) beyond those which are available for learning in the family and other groups.

5. Occupation: in the occupational world the individual finds himself with new shared interests and goals. He makes adjustments with the position he holds and also learns to make adjustment with other workers who may occupy equal or higher or lower position.

While working, the individual enters into relations of cooperation, involving specialization of tasks and at the same time learns the nature of class divisions. Work, for him, is a source of income but at the same time it gives identity and status within society as a whole.

Wilbert Moore has divided occupational socialization into four phases:

(a)    career choice,

(b)    anticipatory socialization,

(c)    conditioning and commitment,

(d)   continuous commitment

(a)    Career Choice: the first phase is career choice, which involves selection of academic or vocational training appropriate for the desired job.

(b)   Anticipatory Socialization: the next phase is which may last only a few months or extent for years. Some children inherit their occupations. These young people experience anticipatory socialization throughout childhood and adolescence as they observe their parents at work. Certain individuals decide on occupational goals at relatively early ages. The entire adolescent period for them may focus on training for them may focus on training for that future.

(c)    Conditioning and Commitment: this takes places while one actually performs the work-related role. Conditioning consists of reluctantly adjusting to the more unpleasant aspects of one’s job. Most people find that the novelty of new daily schedule quickly wears off and realize that the parts of the work experience are rather tedious. Moore uses the term commitment to refer to the enthusiastic acceptance of pleasurable duties that come as the recruit identifies the positive task of an occupation.

(d)   Continuous Commitment: we can see this one as one that makes one indispensable. According to Moore, if a job proves to be satisfactory, the will enter the fourth stage of socialization. At this stage the job becomes an indispensable art of the person’s self identity. Violation of proper conduct becomes unthinkable. The person may choose to join professional association, unions or other groups which represents his or her occupation in the larger society.

6. Political Parties: political parties attempt to seize political power and maintain it. They try to win the support of the members of the society on the basis of a socio-economic policy and programme. In the process they disseminate political values and norms and socialize the citizen. The political parties socialize the citizen for stability and change of political system.

7. Mass Media: The mass media is for communication particularly television which play an important role in the process of socialization. The mass media of communication transmit information and messages which influence the personality of an individual to a great extent. In addition to this it have an important effect in encouraging individual to support the existing norms and values or oppose or change them. They are the instrument of social power. They influence us with their messages. The words are always written by someone and these people too authors and editors and advertisers join the teachers the peers and the parents in the socialization process.    

       

 Processes of socialization

 Natural socialization occurs when infants and youngsters explore, play and discover the social world around them. The children internalize what ever was thought to them at this stage. The process operates at two levels, one with the infant which is called the internalization of objects around and the other from the outside. Socialization may be seen as the internalization of social norms. Natural socialization is easily seen when looking at the young of almost any mammalian species (and some birds). Social rules become internalized by the individual, in the sense that they are self-imposed by means of external regulation which is part of individual personality.  

 Planned socialization occurs when other people take actions designed to teach or train others -- from infancy. This process of socialization is looked as essential element of social interaction. This has to do with the individual becoming socialized with the accordance of the social norms which is the expectation of others. Socialization is filed up with social interactions. Planned socialization is mostly a human phenomenon; and all through history, people have been making plans for teaching or training others. Both natural and planned socialization can have good and bad features: It is wise to learn the best features of both natural and planned socialization and weave them into our lives.

 Positive socialization is the type of social learning that is based on pleasurable and exciting experiences. We tend to like the people who fill our social learning processes with positive motivation, loving care, and rewarding opportunities.

Negative socialization occurs when others use punishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try to "teach us a lesson;" and often we come to dislike both negative socialization and the people who impose it on us. There are all types of mixes of positive and negative socialization; and the more positive social learning experiences we have, the happier we tend to be -- especially if we learn useful information that helps us cope well with the challenges of life. A high ratio of negative to positive socialization can make a person unhappy, defeated or pessimistic about life. Through the process of socialization individuals becomes a social person and can attain his or her personality.

 Political socialization and mass mobilization (MAMSER, NOA, etc)

MAMSER – means Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Social Justice and Economic Recovery while NOA stands for National Orientation Agency

Political Socialization

Political socialization is the process by which political culture is transmitted in a given society. It occurs at both the individual and community level, and it extends beyond the acquisition of political culture to encompass the learning of more sophisticated political ideas and orientations. Political socialization is a lifelong process and a variety of individuals and institutions contribute to its shaping effect. For example, individuals are politically socialized by such groups as their family, peers, and social class. Furthermore, they are socialized by existing laws, media, religion, education, their own gender, and more. Basically, the process is never ending and the factors which shape it are all encompassing.

Those groups and institutions which contribute to the process of political socialization are known as the agents of socialization. These sources affect the development of political values and attitudes differently, but they all contribute to the individual's understanding of and orientations toward politics. The primary agents of socialization are those that directly develop specific political orientations such as the family. Whereas, the secondary agents of socialization tend to be less personal and involved in the process of socialization in a more indirect manner such as the media.

These Agents of Socialization all influence in one degree or another individual's political opinions: Family, Media, Peers, Education, Religion, Race, Gender, Age and Geography. These factors and many others that people are introduced to as they are growing up will affect their political views throughout the rest of their lives. Political beliefs are often formed during childhood, as parents pass down their ideologies to their children.

Some of these agents include:

           Agents of Political Socialization

 1. Family - Most important shaper of basic attitudes Teaches basic political values & loyalty to particular political party

2. Schools – Teach patriotism and African mythology early grades build on and reinforce positive learning

3. Peers – Limited in effect because of self-selection Peer group in youth affects mostly “lifestyle issues”

4. Mass Media – Effect difficult to measure but substantial Promotes cynicism about government Agenda Setting – Telling us what to think about Framing – Tells us what to think about what is presented

5. Political leaders and institutions

6. Churches/mosque

When we talk about political socialization, this has to do with the interaction among the political class or group. People meet each other discuss politics and share some common ideas or even disagree with certain issue concerning their ideas. Political socialization is an avenue where people with different upbringing or training meet each other. At this juncture they try to adapt to what is obtainable or how the political class behave in order to achieve their aim. In this manner it is said ‘if you don’t beat them you join them’. The political class of Nigeria is quite different from the western world. Nigerians are said to be corrupt and that nothing good comes out of them. In this vein it all depends on the particular political social group one belongs to.

Mass mobilization: To develop a Nigerian society that is orderly, responsible and disciplined; where citizens demonstrate core values of honesty, hard work and patriotism; where democratic principles and ideals are upheld; and where peace and social harmony reign. This is the vision of mass mobilization.

Their mission is to consistently raise awareness, provide timely and credible feedback; positively change attitudes, values and behaviour; accurately and adequately inform; and sufficiently mobilize citizens to act in ways that promote peace, harmony and national development.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the Agency, as provided in Decree 100 of 1993, are to:

i.                        Ensure that Government programmes and policies are better understood by the general public;

ii.            Mobilize favourable public opinion for such programmes and policies;

iii.            Encourage informal education through public enlightenment activities and publications;

iv.            Establish feedback channels to Government on all aspects of Nigerian national life;

v.            Establish appropriate national framework for educating, orientating and indoctrinating Nigerians towards attitudes, values and culture which project individual’s national pride and positive national image for Nigeria;

vi.            Awaken the consciousness of Nigerians to their responsibilities to the promotion of national unity, citizens’ commitment to their human rights to build a free, just and progressive society;

vii.            Develop among Nigerians of all ages and sex, social and cultural values and awareness which will inculcate the spirit of patriotism, nationalism, self-discipline and self-reliance;

viii.            Encourage the people to actively and freely participate in discussions and decisions on matters affecting their general welfare;

ix.            Promote new sets of attitudes and culture for the attainment of the goals and objectives of a united Nigeria State;

x.            Ensure and uphold leadership by example;

xi.            Foster respect for constituted authority; and

xii.            Instil in the citizens a sense of loyalty to the fatherland.

FUNCTIONS

Specifically, the Agency performs the following functions:

i.                        Enlightenment of the general public on Government policies,     programmes and activities;

ii.            Mobilization of favourable public opinion and support for Government policies, programmes and activities;

iii.            Collection, collation, analysis and provision of feedback from the public to Government on its policies, programmes and activities;

iv.            Establish social institutions and framework for deliberate exposure of Nigerians to democratic norms and values for a virile, peaceful, united, progressive and disciplined society;

v.            Arouse the consciousness of all categories of Nigerians to their rights and privileges, responsibilities and obligations as citizens of Nigeria;

vi.            Propagate and promote the spirit of dignity of labour, honesty and commitment to qualitative production, promotion and consumption of home produced commodities and services;

vii.            Re-orientate the populace about power, its use and proper role of Government in serving the collective interest of Nigerians;

viii.            Propagate the need to eschew all vices in public life including   corruption, dishonesty, electoral and census malpractice, ethnic parochial and religious bigotry;

ix.            Mobilize Nigerians for positive patriotic participation in and identification with national affairs and issues; and,

x.            Sensitize, induct and equip all Nigerians to fight against all forms of internal and external domination of resources by a few individuals or groups.

National Orientation Agency (NOA), 2014

Problems of socialization

The problems of socialization are numerous:

1. culture
2. society
3. family members
4. misinformation
5. Peer group influence 

The role of Social Studies in the socialization and production of good citizens

One of the goals of social studies  is to show people how to increase the ratio of positive to negative in the socialization they receive from others -- and that they give to others. Some people will defend negative socialization, since painful training can prepare people to be ready to fight and die in battle, put themselves at great risk in order to save others, and endure torture and hardship.

Social studies shows that positive socialization, coupled with valuable information about life and the skills needed to live well, can be a powerful tool for promoting human development. We all have an enormous human potential, and we all could develop a large portion of it if we had the encouragement that comes from positive socialization and the wisdom that comes from valuable information about living. Information about both natural and planned socialization can be especially useful.

Our prior socialization helps explain a gigantic chunk of which we are at present -- what we think and feel, where we plan to go in life. But we are not limited by the things given to us by our prior social learning experiences; we can take all our remaining days and steer our future social learning in directions that we value. The more that we know about the socialization process, the more effective we can be in directing our future learning in the ways that will help us most in life.

 Because we were not able to select our parents, we were not able to control much of the first 10 or 20 years of our socialization. However, most people learn to influence their own socialization as they gain experience in life. It takes special skills to steer and direct our own socialization, and many of us pick up some of those skills naturally as we go through life. Having a course on socialization can help us understand which skills are most effective in guiding our socialization toward the goals we most achieve.

It is important to know that we all come into life with a variety of psychology systems that foster self-actualization and favor the development of our human potential. These are the biosocial mechanisms that underlie natural socialization. We can see and study natural socialization by examining the socialization of primates and other mammals. Once we under the natural biosocial processes, we can try to build strategies of self-actualization that are compatible with the natural biosocial mechanisms we are born with to make self-development as easy and rewarding as possible.

                  Duties of a good citizen

v  A person who is aware of his duties and rights in his society is a good citizen.

v  A good citizen does his best to do his duty to the society.

v  He always keeps in view the interest of state and society.

v  He lives a clean, honest and truthful life.

v  He remains away from such activities that may harm the interest of his fellow citizens.

v  He lives not for himself alone but for others also. He pays his taxes, takes interest in the affairs of state.

v  He should have firm and deep faith in the welfare of his country.

v  He is law abiding and he helps the authorities in this regard.

v  A good citizen cares for good of his city, town and neighborhood. He keeps his surroundings clean and beautiful.

v  He must co-operate with his fellow citizens and neighbors’. He must be ready to extend the helping hand to everyone and any one at the time of need.

v  A good citizen must respect the cultural heritage of his country.

v  He must respect the heroes, the prophets, the sages and saints of his country.

v  He must keep in mind the future of his country. He must be ready for the defense of the frontiers of his country. He must leave no stone unturned for the prosperity and integrity of his mother land. A good citizen must be ready to sacrifice his everything for the sake of his country (patriotic)

                               Qualities of a good citizen

v  The first and foremost quality asked of a good citizen is patriotism. He should have a genuine love for his country and should have a sense of involvement in its day to day affairs, in its economic policies and its international relationships. All this cannot be achieved overnight: it is the product of a good training and a good heritage and various other factors contribute towards patriotic feelings.

v  The first among these is the right kind of upbringing. If a child hears only stories of betrayal and listens to a discussion of the various methods of making easy money, he is unlikely to imbibe any good qualities. The hand that rocks the cradle shapes the world. Honesty, integrity and self-respect are the qualities that can only be nurtured at home. These form the foundation of good citizenship.

v  Top oBottom of FormA good citizen is one who is a good person. There seems to be no scope for differentiating between the two - for a weak or a bad person cannot be a good citizen and it holds true the other way round also. It is a man's everyday behavior and his everyday virtues which count and contribute to his character.

v  A good citizen is one whose behavior is consistent with the canons of self-respect and social justice and he should be reliable both in peace and war.

v  A home and a family are a miniature group. If a person gets his values and priorities correct while living in it, he will make a good citizen.

These are the qualities which add up to strength and character. A good citizen puts his country before self. There are many jobs which if correctly performed add to the national progress. Industries, when expanded properly, become a part of national wealth. They provide opportunities for employment and

Importance of socialization

The process of socialization is important from the point of view of society as well as from the point of individual .Every society is faced with the necessity of making a responsible member out of each born into it. The child must learn the expectations of the society so that his behavior can rely upon.

He must require the group norms in order to take the behavior of others into account. Socialization means transmission of culture, the process by which men learn the rules and practices of social groups to which belongs. It is through it that a society maintains its social system transmits its culture from generation to generation.

From the point of view of the individual, socialization is the process by which the individual learns social behaviour, develops himself socialization plays a unique role in personality development.

It is the process by which the new born individual as he grows up acquires the values of the group and is molded into a social being. Without this no individual could become a person for if the values sentiments and ideas of culture are not joined to the capacities and needs of human organism there could e no human mentality, no human personality.

The child has no self. The self emerges through the process of socialization. The self, the core of personality develops out of the child’s interaction with others.

In the socialization process the individual learns the culture as well as skills, ranging from language to manual dexterity which will enable him to become a participating number of human societies.

Socialization inculcates basic disciplines, ranging from toilet habits to method of science. In his early years individual is also socialized with regard to sexual behaviour.

Society is also concerned with imparting the basic goals, aspirations and values to which the child is expected to direct his behaviour for the rest of his life. He learns the levels to which he is expected to aspire.

Socialization teaches skills. Only by acquiring needed skills individual fit into a society. In simple societies, traditional practices are handed down from generation to generation and are usually learned by imitation and practice in the course of every day life. Socialization is indeed an intricate process in a complex society characterized by increasing specializations that is what behaviour and pursue such ends.

Role performance is very important in the process of socialization. As mates females, husbands, wives, sons, daughters, parents, children, student’s teachers and so on, accepted social roles must be learned if the individual is to play a functional and predictable part in social interaction.

In this way man becomes a person through the social influences which he shares with others and through his own ability to respond and weave his responses into a unified body of habits attitudes and traits. But man is not the product of socialization alone. He is also in part a product of heredity. He generally possesses the inherited potential that can make him a person under conditions of maturation and conditioning.